Conversion of waste photovoltaic silicon into silicon-carbon nanocages for lithium batteries anodes preparation

As the global demand for renewable energy surges, the mass decommissioning and disposal of photovoltaic (PV) modules pose significant environmental and economic challenges. In particular, the accumulation of waste silicon from these modules calls for efficient recycling solutions. Silicon possesses a large volume expansion problem during repeated de-embedding of lithium, we instead utilize electrospinning technology to encapsulate the waste silicon in nanocages and introduce titanium dioxide and silver into the structure. A one-step calcination process produces nanoparticle-loaded nanofiber cages, with in situ TiO₂ and Ag particles enhancing structural integrity. The silicon-carbon nanofiber (SATCNF) composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, retaining a reversible capacity of 466.3 mAh/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A/g. Furthermore, it demonstrates robust stability during high-rate charge and discharge cycles, maintaining substantial capacity even under elevated current densities. This work not only provides a pathway for mitigating the environmental burden of waste silicon but also contributes to advancements in LIB technology for sustainable energy storage.