Close and more distant relatives are associated with child mortality risk in historical Finland.

Humans are characterised as cooperative breeders, as not only the parents but also other members of the social group take part in raising offspring. The individuals who invest most in childrearing are usually the more closely related individuals. However, most studies have concentrated on close kin and the effects of more distant kin remain unknown. Here, we investigated the associations of child mortality (<5 years, n = 32,000 children) with the presence of 36 different types of relatives, divided by lineage and sex, in a historical Finnish population. We found that the presence and greater number of several paternal relatives were associated with an increase in child mortality and many of these associations were seen among the wealthiest families, due to inheritance practices and shared resources. The presence of the maternal grandmother was associated with a decrease in child mortality and the most among poorer families, who probably needed the grandmother's contribution more than the wealthy. Our results bring new insights into the importance of kin and suggest that relatives can provide support or other resources but also compete for limited resources and care. The results give a broader perspective of human family life and increase understanding of the evolution of cooperative breeding.