Impact of disease duration on systemic clinical profile in Sjogren’s syndrome

Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of the exocrine glands. Disease duration plays a pivotal role in evaluating the development of SS. In this study, we aimed to clarify the clinical manifestations of pSS across various stages of its progression, thereby offering critical insights for early diagnosis and targeted management strategies for Sjogren’s Syndrome. We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 3,978 patients with primary Sjogren’s Syndrome (mean [SD] age: 53.1[24] years) from Peking University People’s Hospital between January 2015 and December 2022. We classified patients into five distinct groups based on the duration of the syndrome: T0 (≤ 1 year), T1 (> 1 year, ≤ 5 years), T2 (> 5 years, ≤ 10 years), T3 (> 10 years, ≤ 20 years), and T4 (> 20 years). We observed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of pSS patients with white blood cell (WBC) decrease, specifically: T0 (9.23%), T1 (15.40%), T2 (22.62%), T3 (20.22%), T4 (26.45%). The decreases in hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet (PLT) were also robustly associated with extended disease duration (p < 0.0001). Simultaneously, systemic involvements aggravated with disease progression as incidence rates of skin, joint, lung, and nervous system were strikingly increased in each group. The findings also indicated that patients with long-term pSS exhibit a higher likelihood of developing comorbid conditions, such as diabetes and tumors. In summary, disease duration serves as a crucial determinant for the prognosis of patients with pSS. Therefore, early identification of symptoms and initiation of therapies are imperative for mitigating the risk of significant complications in pSS patients.