Automated Extraction of Key Entities from Non-English Mammography Reports Using Named Entity Recognition with Prompt Engineering.

Objective: Named entity recognition (NER) offers a powerful method for automatically extracting key clinical information from text, but current models often lack sufficient support for non-English languages.

Materials and methods: This study investigated a prompt-based NER approach using Google's Gemini 1.5 Pro, a large language model (LLM) with a 1.5-million-token context window. We focused on extracting important clinical entities from Turkish mammography reports, a language with limited available natural language processing (NLP) tools. Our method employed many-shot learning, incorporating 165 examples within a 26,000-token prompt derived from 75 initial reports. We tested the model on a separate set of 85 unannotated reports, concentrating on five key entities: anatomy (ANAT), impression (IMP), observation presence (OBS-P), absence (OBS-A), and uncertainty (OBS-U).

Results: Our approach achieved high accuracy, with a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.99 for relaxed match and 0.84 for exact match. In relaxed matching, the model achieved F1 scores of 0.99 for ANAT, 0.99 for IMP, 1.00 for OBS-P, 1.00 for OBS-A, and 0.99 for OBS-U. For exact match, the F1 scores were 0.88 for ANAT, 0.79 for IMP, 0.78 for OBS-P, 0.94 for OBS-A, and 0.82 for OBS-U.

Discussion: These results indicate that a many-shot prompt engineering approach with large language models provides an effective way to automate clinical information extraction for languages where NLP resources are less developed, and as reported in the literature, generally outperforms zero-shot, five-shot, and other few-shot methods.

Conclusion: This approach has the potential to significantly improve clinical workflows and research efforts in multilingual healthcare environments.