Combining Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy with Force Microscopy

All electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes occur at the boundary between an electrode and an electrolyte. Progress in the field of electrochemistry requires a detailed microscopic understanding of these complex solid–liquid interfaces, making this a captivating field for in situ surface-sensitive microscopic techniques, such as scanning probe microscopy. In this Perspective, we outline the roadmap of electrochemical scanning probe microscopy and explore its most recent developments in fundamental research on interface characterization and electrocatalysis. Most importantly, we introduce the reader to the simultaneous operation of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy and force microscopy using a qPlus sensor, highlighting its potential to provide high precision, enhanced flexibility and versatility, particularly as a combined approach to interface characterization. Additionally, we identify key future opportunities and challenges.