The potentials of advanced materials for the chemo- and bio-sensing of gluten and its derivatives in food samples

The detection of gluten is imperative for the food safety and clinical analysis. Among a variety of sensing approaches employed for the detection of gluten/gliadin, nanomaterials-based strategies are one of the most efficient approaches. Herein, advancements in advanced materials-based gluten/gliadin sensors are elaborated. Especially, nanomaterials have been extensively explored to devise chemosensors and biosensors (such as immunosensors, aptasensors, and enzymatic sensors) for the detection of gluten/gliadin. Additionally, the performances of all the covered studies have been compared on the basis of different analytical parameters such as limit of detection (LOD), detection range factor (DRF), reproducibility, repeatability, and detection time. Consequently, best performing materials are identified and recommended to facilitate scalability applications of gluten sensors under real conditions.