Family Cohesion and Behavioural Problems in Young Adolescents: Mediating Effects of Neighbourhood Cohesion and Moderating Roles of Individual and Family Structure Factors

This study aimed to determine whether family and neighbourhood social cohesion are directly or indirectly associated with the reduction of behavioural problems, including internalising and externalising behaviours in young adolescents. Strong family and neighbourhood cohesion both play protective roles in maintaining the mental health of children and adolescents. From a systemic approach, adolescent behavioural problems are linked to family cohesion and mediated by neighbourhood social cohesion, which may serve as a buffer against family difficulties. Data from 700 parents of adolescents aged 10–13 years from southern Poland were analysed. Within the total, 207 adolescents had diagnoses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Structural equation modelling, adjusting for financial situation and ADHD, was used. Sex, ADHD, single-parent household, presence of siblings and social media use were explored as moderators. The data come from the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES)-IV and the Brief Form of the Perceived Neighbourhood Social Cohesion Questionnaire (PNSC-BF). Family and neighbourhood social cohesion were both related to behavioural problems. Neighbourhood social cohesion was a significant mediator of the relationship between family cohesion and internalising and externalising behaviours. The presence of siblings was a significant moderator for the indirect effect on externalising behaviours. The findings of the study support the thesis that family and neighbourhood social cohesion serve as protective factors for adolescent behavioural problems. They highlight the need for therapeutic interventions that strengthen family cohesion to mitigate adolescent behavioural symptoms, while promoting neighbourhood relationships and community engagement enhances belonging and parental competence, ultimately improving mental health outcomes.