Decoding fundamental insights and outlooks on state-of-the-art iron-catalyst design strategies for meliorated CO2 valorization into light olefins

The valorization of carbon dioxide into high-value-added hydrocarbons, especially light olefins (C₂-C₄⁼) through sustainable energy input holds significant industrial value, offering a route for producing essential chemical feedstocks while simultaneously mitigating the emission of this potent greenhouse gas. Despite significant advancements in CO₂ hydrogenation technologies, developing efficient catalysts capable of effectively managing CO bond activation and facilitating CC bond growth with high conversion rates and desired selectivity for low-carbon olefins, remains a significant challenge. This high-caliber review explores the transformative potential of CO₂ valorization into C₂-C₄⁼, offering an innovative pathway to produce vital chemical feedstocks while addressing greenhouse gas emissions. Focusing on the CO₂-modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis through iron-catalyst, recognized for its energy efficiency and suitability for C₂-C₄⁼ production through thermocatalytic CO₂ hydrogenation. Key highlights include in-depth analyses of the dynamic nature of catalytically active iron phases, novel materials, and state-of-the-art catalyst design strategies to overcome the challenges of Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) limitations and low olefin selectivity. With a comprehensive discussion on reaction mechanisms, catalyst composition, and performance-driving factors, this review sets the stage for pioneering advancements in catalyst development. Thus, by bridging fundamental insights with cutting-edge technologies, this work provides strategic guidance for developing the next generation of efficient and sustainable catalytic systems for CO₂ hydrogenation.