Si-Wei Dai , Zhen-Hua Li , Si-Yu Zhang , Chen Sun , Jia-Hui Li , Chun-Yong Wang , Xiao-Yu Zhao , Hai-Yang Weng , Kai Huang , Mao-Lin Chen , Guo-Peng Gao , Cheng-Yang Hu , Xiu-Jun Zhang
{"title":"怀孕前暴露于PM2.5及其成分与胎儿生长的不良关联可通过住宅绿化缓解：一项前瞻性队列研究","authors":"Si-Wei Dai , Zhen-Hua Li , Si-Yu Zhang , Chen Sun , Jia-Hui Li , Chun-Yong Wang , Xiao-Yu Zhao , Hai-Yang Weng , Kai Huang , Mao-Lin Chen , Guo-Peng Gao , Cheng-Yang Hu , Xiu-Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126272","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and residential greenness both influence fetal growth. No previous studies have examined their sex-specific and interaction effects. We aim to evaluate the sex-specific effects in these associations and exposure interactions. This study involved 1,275 mother–child pairs enrolled in the Ma'anshan birth cohort in China. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components was assessed using a spatiotemporal model based on maternal addresses, while residential greenness was estimated through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on satellite data. Fetal parameters—including biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW)—were measured during pregnancy via ultrasound. To examine associations between these exposures and both continuous and categorical outcomes, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear regression were applied. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate sex-specific effects. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>, OM, BC, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> was correlated with decreased Z-scores of fetal parameters (BPD, FL, EFW, AC) during the second trimester, particularly in male fetuses. In the third trimester, we found that the Z-scores of AC (0.081, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.160) and EFW (0.097, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.185) increased with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in residential greenness. We observed the effect modification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components on the relationship between residential greenness and fetal growth in utero. Residential greenness can mitigate the adverse effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components prior to pregnancy on fetal growth. Our findings suggest that increased residential greenness during pregnancy preparation may help alleviate air pollution's detrimental effects on fetal growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126272"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Adverse associations of pre-pregnancy exposure to PM2.5 and its components with fetal growth alleviated by residential greenness: a prospective cohort study\",\"authors\":\"Si-Wei Dai , Zhen-Hua Li , Si-Yu Zhang , Chen Sun , Jia-Hui Li , Chun-Yong Wang , Xiao-Yu Zhao , Hai-Yang Weng , Kai Huang , Mao-Lin Chen , Guo-Peng Gao , Cheng-Yang Hu , Xiu-Jun Zhang\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126272\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and residential greenness both influence fetal growth. No previous studies have examined their sex-specific and interaction effects. We aim to evaluate the sex-specific effects in these associations and exposure interactions. This study involved 1,275 mother–child pairs enrolled in the Ma'anshan birth cohort in China. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components was assessed using a spatiotemporal model based on maternal addresses, while residential greenness was estimated through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on satellite data. Fetal parameters—including biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW)—were measured during pregnancy via ultrasound. To examine associations between these exposures and both continuous and categorical outcomes, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear regression were applied. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate sex-specific effects. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>, OM, BC, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> was correlated with decreased Z-scores of fetal parameters (BPD, FL, EFW, AC) during the second trimester, particularly in male fetuses. In the third trimester, we found that the Z-scores of AC (0.081, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.160) and EFW (0.097, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.185) increased with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in residential greenness. We observed the effect modification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components on the relationship between residential greenness and fetal growth in utero. Residential greenness can mitigate the adverse effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its components prior to pregnancy on fetal growth. Our findings suggest that increased residential greenness during pregnancy preparation may help alleviate air pollution's detrimental effects on fetal growth.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":311,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"volume\":\"374 \",\"pages\":\"Article 126272\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749125006451\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/4/18 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749125006451","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/4/18 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Adverse associations of pre-pregnancy exposure to PM2.5 and its components with fetal growth alleviated by residential greenness: a prospective cohort study
Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and residential greenness both influence fetal growth. No previous studies have examined their sex-specific and interaction effects. We aim to evaluate the sex-specific effects in these associations and exposure interactions. This study involved 1,275 mother–child pairs enrolled in the Ma'anshan birth cohort in China. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM2.5 and its components was assessed using a spatiotemporal model based on maternal addresses, while residential greenness was estimated through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on satellite data. Fetal parameters—including biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW)—were measured during pregnancy via ultrasound. To examine associations between these exposures and both continuous and categorical outcomes, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear regression were applied. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate sex-specific effects. Pre-pregnancy exposure to PM2.5, OM, BC, SO42−, NH4+, and NO3− was correlated with decreased Z-scores of fetal parameters (BPD, FL, EFW, AC) during the second trimester, particularly in male fetuses. In the third trimester, we found that the Z-scores of AC (0.081, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.160) and EFW (0.097, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.185) increased with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in residential greenness. We observed the effect modification of PM2.5 and its components on the relationship between residential greenness and fetal growth in utero. Residential greenness can mitigate the adverse effects of PM2.5 and its components prior to pregnancy on fetal growth. Our findings suggest that increased residential greenness during pregnancy preparation may help alleviate air pollution's detrimental effects on fetal growth.
期刊介绍：
Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health.
Subject areas include, but are not limited to:
• Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies;
• Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change;
• Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects;
• Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects;
• Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest;
• New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.
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