Biosorptive removal of organic dyes using natural gums-based materials: A comprehensive review

Treatment of industrial wastewater containing synthetic dyes is inevitable owing to negative effects of dyes on the environment and human health. Consequently, numerous strategies, including filtration, photochemical, coagulation, oxidation process, biological, ion exchange, and adsorption have been applied for dyes removal. Amongst, the adsorption process is a promising method with superior features, such as cost-effectiveness, high selectivity and removal efficiency, easy operation, and recyclability of the adsorbents. Natural gums are naturally-occuring polysaccharides that possessing excellent properties, including their renewability, surface functionality, low cost, biocompatibility, abundancy, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature that can be used as bioadsorbent in dye remediation of industrial wastewater. Nevertheless, limitations such as low surface area, poor mechanical properties, low thermal stability, high hydrophilicity and water solubility, and low adsorption capability should be circumvented to afford ideal adsorbents. In this context, various techniques, including derivatization, polymer grafting, cross-linking, nanomaterials incorporation, blending with other polymers, and combination of these approaches have been employed for improving their properties. Considering these facts, this assay focused on presenting a comprehensive summary, recent progresses and future direction regarding the application of natural gums-based adsorbents for removal of synthetic dyes.