Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-kinin system influences on diabetic vascular disease and cardiomyopathy.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an inordinately high risk of virtually all manifestations of cardiovascular-renal disease including atherosclerotic coronary and peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy unassociated with coronary heart disease. Abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-kinin (RAAK) cascade have been implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical expression of these cardiovascular-renal sequelae. Thus, pharmacological modulation of the RAAK system is an attractive therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus. Indeed, emerging data from human clinical studies appear to confirm this thesis.