Protonation of porphyrin in iron-free cytochrome c: Spectral properties of monocation free base porphyrin, a charge analogue of ferric heme

Charged groups reside mainly on protein surfaces, but for proteins that incorporate redox centers, a charge typically exists at the prosthetic group within the interior. How a protein accommodates a buried charge and the effect of redox changes on protein stability are thermodynamically related problems. To examine these problems in cytochrome c, the metal-free protein was used as a model. When pH is lowered, the neutral, monocation, and dication forms of the porphyrin are progressively formed as indicated by their characteristic absorption spectra. Infrared studies of the protein over this pH range show that the protein remains in a predominately α-helical structure, although the carboxyl groups of the dicarboxylic amino acids become protonated at lower pH. The monocation porphyrin form (which has not been previously reported in a protein and is a charge analogue of ferric heme) has a fluorescence maximum at 609 nm. The pKs for the respective one and two protonation of the porphyrin pyrrole Ns are 3.2 and 1.6 for the folded protein, and 4.4 and 3.1 for the unfolded protein. These values indicate that the protection of the polypeptide chain for protonation is ∼ 3 kcal. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 5: 141–150, 1999