Dye sensitization of TiO2 relevant to photocatalytic hydrogen generation: Current research trends and prospects

Research over dye-sensitized hydrogen generation using TiO₂ semiconductor photocatalysts has gained abiding importance over the past three decades due to its manifold advantages over other photocatalytic systems for the production of clean energy fuels. The single-step excitation of the electrons over the sensitizer molecules anchored at the TiO₂ semiconductor serves as a driving source to facilitate the electron effect transfers, thus prompting the visible-light driven photocatalytic hydrogen generation activities. Though many review articles that evaluate the performance of such dye-sensitized semiconductor particulate systems are available in the literature, research progress made in the last few years since 2016 is not yet systematically reviewed. In this article, we therefore, systematically review the development of new dye-sensitizers that include metal-free organic dyes, metal-based sensitizers, and donor-bridged-acceptor (D-π-A) type dye-sensitizers, and their performances in sensitization of the TiO₂ semiconductor photocatalyst towards visible light driven hydrogen generation through water splitting. It has been chronicled that the aforesaid sensitizers are capable of harvesting a broader part of the solar spectrum, and could achieve photocatalytic H₂ production with varying degrees of success. The results discussed in this review afford a significant scope of rationalizating the factors that govern the H₂ production activity over the dye-modified TiO₂ photocatalyst, and provide a basis for further research towards the realization of high-performing dye-sensitized H₂ production photocatalytic system. The prospect of artificial intelligence (AI)-machine learning (ML) based modeling for quicker design and development of dye-sensitized TiO₂ based photocatalytic solar to fuel conversion system has been briefly discussed in the article.