头脑中的革命:达尔文、马尔萨斯和罗伯特·m·杨。

IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE British Journal for the History of Science Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI:10.1017/S0007087420000631
James A Secord
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引用次数: 4

摘要

20世纪60年代末见证了政治激进主义与科学史之间的关键结合。科学,无论被视为理性还是压迫的试金石,都是越南战争时期各方的基础。本文考察了历史学家罗伯特·麦克斯韦尔·杨在这一时期转向马克思主义和激进政治,特别是他被广泛引用的关于19世纪生物和社会理论的“共同背景”的描述,这证明了托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯关于人口的著作对查尔斯·达尔文的自然选择进化理论的形成具有核心作用。从杨的角度来看,这段历史与紧迫的当代问题密切相关:新达尔文进化论中的阶级和种族意识形态,马尔萨斯人口控制的复兴,以及科学在军事冲突中的作用。其目的是为政治行动提供一个基础——伴随激进的社会变革而来的“元首革命”。在随后的几十年里,随着科学史学科的发展,包括专家达尔文研究的出现,对实践的关注以及思想史不断变化的政治联系,杨的观点的激进力量被削弱了。然而,当历史学家从把科学理解为意识形态转变为把科学理解为工作时,杨的参与立场仍然具有影响力。
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Revolutions in the head: Darwin, Malthus and Robert M. Young.

The late 1960s witnessed a key conjunction between political activism and the history of science. Science, whether seen as a touchstone of rationality or of oppression, was fundamental to all sides in the era of the Vietnam War. This essay examines the historian Robert Maxwell Young's turn to Marxism and radical politics during this period, especially his widely cited account of the 'common context' of nineteenth-century biological and social theorizing, which demonstrated the centrality of Thomas Robert Malthus's writings on population for Charles Darwin's formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection. From Young's perspective, this history was bound up with pressing contemporary issues: ideologies of class and race in neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, the revival of Malthusian population control, and the role of science in military conflict. The aim was to provide a basis for political action - the 'head revolution' that would accompany radical social change. The radical force of Young's argument was blunted in subsequent decades by disciplinary developments within history of science, including the emergence of specialist Darwin studies, a focus on practice and the changing political associations of the history of ideas. Young's engaged standpoint, however, has remained influential even as historians moved from understanding science as ideology to science as work.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.80
自引率
12.50%
发文量
59
期刊介绍: This leading international journal publishes scholarly papers and review articles on all aspects of the history of science. History of science is interpreted widely to include medicine, technology and social studies of science. BJHS papers make important and lively contributions to scholarship and the journal has been an essential library resource for more than thirty years. It is also used extensively by historians and scholars in related fields. A substantial book review section is a central feature. There are four issues a year, comprising an annual volume of over 600 pages. Published for the British Society for the History of Science
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