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The politics of medical expertise and substance control: WHO consultants for addiction rehabilitation and pharmacy education in Thailand and India during the Cold War. 医学专门知识和药物管制的政治:冷战时期世界卫生组织在泰国和印度的戒毒康复和药学教育顾问。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742400058X
Reiko Kanazawa

This paper explores the role of World Health Organization (WHO) medical experts in ambitious projects for substance control during the Cold War in Thailand and India. The circumstances surrounding opium production in these two nations were very different, as were the reasons for requesting expert assistance from the United Nations. Whereas the Thai military regime was concerned with controlling illicit traffic to secure its borders, the Indian government wanted to direct its opium raw materials towards domestic pharmaceutical production. Overlapping and sometimes competing agendas of country governments and international agencies converged upon each project, complicating the consultants' work and requiring careful navigation. In both cases, medicine as a science concerned with human health and well-being was subordinated to more pressing agendas. At the same time, the article argues that WHO consultants left an important impact, though not necessarily due to their skills and training in medicine. Instead, they provided exemplars of sound governance and delivery of public health in a politically stable and economically developed country.

本文探讨了冷战期间世界卫生组织(世卫组织)医学专家在泰国和印度雄心勃勃的药物管制项目中发挥的作用。这两个国家的鸦片生产情况截然不同,请求联合国提供专家援助的理由也大相径庭。泰国军政权关注的是控制非法贩运以确保边境安全,而印度政府则希望将鸦片原料用于国内药品生产。各国政府和国际机构的议程相互重叠,有时甚至相互竞争,每个项目都是如此,这使顾问的工作变得复杂,需要小心谨慎地处理。在这两种情况下,作为一门关注人类健康和福祉的科学,医学都被置于更紧迫的议程之下。同时,文章认为,世卫组织顾问留下了重要影响,尽管这不一定是由于他们在医学方面的技能和培训。相反,他们为一个政治稳定、经济发达的国家提供了健全治理和公共卫生服务的典范。
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引用次数: 0
Performing national independence through medical diplomacy: tuberculosis control and socialist internationalism in Cold War Vietnam. 通过医疗外交实现国家独立:冷战时期越南的结核病防治与社会主义国际主义。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000487
Michitake Aso

This article explores medical diplomacy as a means of navigating distinct but related nation-building and internationalist projects during the Cold War. It examines how medical professionals from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) utilized their expertise to bolster foreign relations and assert national independence. This article focuses on how three tuberculosis (TB) specialists - Đặng Đức Trạch, Phạm Ngọc Thạch and Phạm Khắc Quảng - adopted, adapted and circulated techniques of TB control, including a modified version of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Amidst these endeavours, these medical-doctors-cum-diplomats navigated various forms of internationalism while soliciting medical assistance. Their roles within the DRV's state apparatus were prominently showcased from the 1950s to the 1970s, particularly at international gatherings such as the conferences of Ministers of Health of the Socialist Countries (MOHOSC). Because of the political complexities inherent in socialist internationalism, these conferences provided a crucial platform for dialogue among socialist nations when other avenues were limited. Consequently, the DRV's medical experts cultivated goodwill and garnered political support, despite encountering mixed results in their TB control initiatives.

本文探讨了医学外交作为冷战时期引导不同但相关的国家建设和国际主义项目的一种手段。文章探讨了越南民主共和国(DRV)的医疗专业人员如何利用他们的专业知识促进对外关系和维护国家独立。本文重点介绍了三位结核病(TB)专家--Đặng Đức Trạch, Phạm Ngọc Thạch 和 Phạm Khắc Quảng --如何采用、改造和传播结核病控制技术,包括改良版的卡介苗(BCG)。在这些努力中,这些医生兼外交官在争取医疗援助的同时,还游走于各种形式的国际主义之间。从 20 世纪 50 年代到 70 年代,他们在刚果民主共和国国家机器中的作用得到了突显,尤其是在社会主义国家卫生部长会议(MOHOSC)等国际会议上。由于社会主义国际主义固有的政治复杂性,当其他途径受到限制时,这些会议为社会主义国家之间的对话提供了一个重要平台。因此,尽管在结核病控制措施方面取得的成果有好有坏,但 DRV 的医学专家还是赢得了良好的声誉和政治支持。
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引用次数: 0
Value, knowledge and reputation: zoological exchange by Australian museums, 1870-1900. 价值、知识和声誉:澳大利亚博物馆的动物学交流,1870-1900 年。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000700
Henry Reese, Vanessa Finney, Simon Ville

The burgeoning nineteenth-century public-museum sector built a significant part of its natural-history specimen collections through extensive international trading. The early 2020s has seen an upsurge of scholarly interest in this largely overlooked trade. Exchange was a distinctive aspect of the natural-history trade that reveals much about the diverse practices and motives of the institutional collectors. Economic-geographic benefits included conserving the limited financial resources of museums and exploiting complementarities in the geographic distribution of specimens. Collection management, institutional reputation, social connection and international diplomacy were also part of a complex mix of value making that shaped this important international trade. We analyse the exchange practices of the three largest museums in the Australian colonies in the final three decades of the nineteenth century who exchanged Australia's 'rare and curious' fauna with collectors across the globe. By deploying and analysing extensive, comparative data on a particular form of natural history, zoology, and a particular kind of trade, exchange trading, among three Australian museums, this paper extends and enriches recent scholarship on the mobility of natural-history specimens and how they were traded.

十九世纪新兴的公共博物馆部门通过广泛的国际贸易建立了其自然历史标本收藏的重要部分。20 世纪 20 年代初,学者们对这一在很大程度上被忽视的贸易兴趣大增。交换是自然历史贸易的一个独特方面,它揭示了机构收藏者的各种做法和动机。经济地理利益包括保护博物馆有限的财政资源和利用标本地理分布的互补性。藏品管理、机构声誉、社会关系和国际外交也是塑造这一重要国际贸易的复杂价值组合的一部分。我们分析了澳大利亚殖民地三大博物馆在十九世纪最后三十年与全球收藏家交换澳大利亚 "珍稀奇特 "动物标本的实践。通过运用和分析有关澳大利亚三家博物馆之间一种特殊形式的自然史--动物学和一种特殊类型的贸易--交换交易的大量比较数据,本文扩展并丰富了近期有关自然史标本的流动性及其交易方式的学术研究。
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引用次数: 0
'Like nets or cobwebs': Kenelm Digby, Isaac Newton and the problem of rarefaction. 像网或蜘蛛网":肯纳姆-迪格比、艾萨克-牛顿和稀释问题。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000554
John Henry

This article aims to bring out the problematic nature of condensation and rarefaction for early modern natural philosophers by considering two historically significant attempts to deal with it, first by Sir Kenelm Digby in his Treatise on Body (1644), and subsequently by Isaac Newton, chiefly in manuscript works associated with the Principia (1687). It is argued that Digby tried to sidestep the problem of variation in density and rarity by making it a fundamental starting point for his physics. But he also brought out the difficulties of dealing with condensation and rarefaction within the mechanical philosophy, whether that philosophy was plenist or allowed for void space. The problems became exacerbated after experiments with the air-pump achieved extreme rarefactions. It is argued that these led Newton to first consider a retiform or net-like structure of matter, before adopting the radical innovation of supposing repelling forces operating at a distance between the particles of the rarefied bodies. Eventually, Newton came to believe that extreme rarity was inexplicable 'by any other means than a repulsive Power'.

本文旨在通过研究肯纳姆-迪格比爵士(Sir Kenelm Digby)在其《身体论》(1644 年)中,以及随后艾萨克-牛顿(Isaac Newton)主要在与《原理》(1687 年)相关的手稿作品中对凝结和稀释问题的两次具有历史意义的尝试,来揭示凝结和稀释对于早期现代自然哲学家的问题本质。有人认为,迪格比试图回避密度和稀有度的变化问题,将其作为物理学的基本出发点。但他也提出了在机械哲学中处理冷凝和稀释问题的困难,无论该哲学是充气哲学还是允许虚无空间的哲学。在用气泵进行了极端稀膨胀实验后,问题变得更加严重。有人认为,这导致牛顿首先考虑物质的网状结构,然后才采用激进的创新方法,假设稀释体的粒子之间存在一定距离的排斥力。最终,牛顿认为,"除了排斥力之外,任何其他方法都无法解释极端稀疏性"。
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引用次数: 0
Concluding Conversation: De-centring Science Diplomacy - CORRIGENDUM. 结束语:科学外交去中心化 - CORRIGENDUM.
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000712
Gordon Barrett, Claire Edington, Aya Homei, Kate Sullivan de Estrada, Zuoyue Wang
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引用次数: 0
Horizontal Chemistry. 横向化学。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000451
Michelle DiMeo, Andrew Gregory, Frank A J L James, Viviane Quirke

In 1976 Raymond Williams commented, 'Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language.' Such implied difficulty has not prevented Bloomsbury Academic, since the 2000s, from publishing around forty series of their well-produced and generously illustrated Cultural Histories, with, according to their website, a further fifty in progress. Each series contains six volumes, each book covering, in theory, the same chronological period (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the age of empire and the modern age), though there is some variation depending on precise topic. The idea is that one can use these books not only to read 'horizontally' about a subject across time, but also 'vertically' through different subjects in the same period - a idea made easier by the e-texts of the series on Bloomsbury's website.

1976 年,雷蒙德-威廉斯评论说:"文化是英语中最复杂的两三个词之一。这种隐含的困难并没有妨碍布鲁姆斯伯里学术出版社自 2000 年代以来出版了约 40 套制作精良、图文并茂的《文化史》丛书,据其网站介绍,还有 50 套正在出版中。每个系列包括六卷,理论上每本书都涵盖相同的年代(古代、中世纪、文艺复兴、启蒙运动、帝国时代和现代),但根据具体主题会有一些差异。我们的想法是,人们不仅可以利用这些书籍 "横向 "阅读跨时代的主题,还可以 "纵向 "阅读同一时期的不同主题--布鲁姆斯伯里网站上的电子版丛书让这一想法变得更加容易。
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引用次数: 0
Decentring histories of science diplomacy: cases from Asia. 科学外交史的去中心化:来自亚洲的案例。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000578
Gordon Barrett, Aya Homei

This special issue brings together a diverse set of cases from Asia with the aim of decentring established historical narratives about science diplomacy. With a critical perspective bringing together the bodies of literature in the fields of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) and critical Asian Studies, we argue that these cases foreground a geopolitical history with multiple forms of sovereignty - often contested ones - and a range of political institutions and actors that enables us to revisit science diplomacy as a means for understanding the relationship between science and international affairs. In doing so, the articles in this issue consciously eschew the normative 'centring' of superpowers or Western imperial powers as the primary actors, focusing instead on the agency and subjectivity of actors within Asia, many of whom were prominent in their respective local contexts. Additionally, we argue that the cases presented here, which examine issues from across science, technology, medicine and the environment, collectively demonstrate the further need for the 'science' in 'science diplomacy' to be interpreted more broadly, incorporating as it does many aspects of human engagement with the material world.

本特刊汇集了一系列来自亚洲的不同案例,旨在打破有关科学外交的既定历史叙事。我们从批判的角度出发,汇集了科学、技术与医学史(STM)和批判性亚洲研究领域的文献,认为这些案例凸显了地缘政治史中多种形式的主权--往往是有争议的主权--以及一系列政治机构和行为体,使我们能够重新审视科学外交,将其作为理解科学与国际事务之间关系的一种手段。在此过程中,本期文章有意识地摒弃了将超级大国或西方帝国主义列强作为主要行为体的规范性 "中心",而是将重点放在亚洲行为体的能动性和主观性上,其中许多行为体在各自的地方背景下都具有突出地位。此外,我们还认为,本文介绍的案例研究了科学、技术、医学和环境等方面的问题,这些案例共同表明,"科学外交 "中的 "科学 "需要更广义的解释,因为它包含了人类与物质世界接触的许多方面。
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引用次数: 0
'Down pythons' throats we thrust live goats': snakes, zoos and animal welfare in nineteenth-century Britain. 我们把活山羊塞进蟒蛇的喉咙":十九世纪英国的蛇、动物园和动物福利。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000542
Helen Cowie

In nineteenth-century Britain, captive snakes in menageries and zoological gardens were routinely fed with live prey - primarily rabbits, pigeons and guinea pigs. From the late 1860s, this practice began to generate opposition on animal welfare grounds, leading to a protracted debate over its necessity, visibility and morality. Focusing on the c.1870-1914 period, when the snake-feeding controversy reached its zenith, this article charts changing attitudes towards the treatment of reptiles in captivity and asks why an apparently niche practice generated so much interest. By looking at the biological arguments put forward for and against live feeding, the article traces the changing nature of humanitarian activism in the late nineteenth century and shows how the shifting character of the live-feeding debate paralleled wider trends in the animal welfare movement. It also highlights the different types of knowledge and expertise involved in the debate, as naturalists, veterinary surgeons, legal professionals, zookeepers and humanitarians offered conflicting perspectives on questions of reptilian dietary requirements and animal sentience.

在十九世纪的英国,动物园和动物园中圈养的蛇经常被喂食活的猎物--主要是兔子、鸽子和豚鼠。从 19 世纪 60 年代末开始,这种做法开始遭到动物福利方面的反对,并引发了一场关于其必要性、可见性和道德性的长期争论。1870-1914 年是喂蛇争议达到顶峰的时期,这篇文章以这一时期为重点,描绘了人们对圈养爬行动物的态度变化,并探讨了为什么这种看似小众的做法会引起如此大的关注。通过研究支持和反对活体饲养的生物学论据,文章追溯了 19 世纪晚期人道主义活动的性质变化,并展示了活体饲养辩论的性质变化是如何与动物福利运动的更广泛趋势相平行的。文章还强调了辩论中涉及的不同类型的知识和专长,因为自然学家、兽医、法律专业人士、动物园管理员和人道主义者对爬行动物的饮食要求和动物的知觉问题提出了相互冲突的观点。
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引用次数: 0
'Who can tell me what potable water means?' The assessment of water quality in debates over hydraulic infrastructure in nineteenth-century Italy. 谁能告诉我什么是饮用水?十九世纪意大利水利基础设施辩论中的水质评估。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000566
Salvatore Valenti

How water is perceived and represented has an impact on the relationships between a given society and its water infrastructure. Historians have identified a shift in the perception of water during the nineteenth century, which was connected to the development of chemistry. From an understanding based in Hippocratic medicine and natural history that treated it as an infinite variety of substances, water eventually became understood as a simple compound consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. This resulted in the abstraction of water from its social and environmental contexts, with consequences for the way water was managed. This article aims to demonstrate that such a view gives a mistaken intellectual coherence to a fragmented and conflicted process, which involved continuities, an adaptation of old frameworks to new social priorities, and fine changes in scientific thinking and practices. This paper examines the scientific and political debates concerning water infrastructure, surveys and analyses on water quality, medical reports and political measures in nineteenth-century Italy. Ultimately, the reduction of 'waters' to 'water' in Italy was more about determining who had the authority to assess water quality in the process of creating and stabilizing new power relations between the public and the private spheres than about the abstraction of water from its social and environmental contexts.

对水的认识和表现方式会对特定社会与其水基础设施之间的关系产生影响。历史学家发现,十九世纪人们对水的认识发生了转变,这与化学的发展有关。希波克拉底医学和自然史将水视为无穷无尽的各种物质,而水最终被理解为由氧和氢组成的简单化合物。这导致水被从其社会和环境背景中抽象出来,并对水的管理方式产生了影响。本文旨在说明,这种观点错误地使一个支离破碎、相互冲突的过程具有了知识上的连贯性,其中涉及连续性、旧框架对新社会优先事项的适应,以及科学思维和实践的微妙变化。本文研究了 19 世纪意大利有关水基础设施、水质调查和分析、医学报告和政治措施的科学和政治辩论。最终,在意大利,将 "水域 "简化为 "水",与其说是将水从其社会和环境背景中抽象出来,不如说是在建立和稳定公共与私人领域之间新的权力关系的过程中,确定谁有权评估水质。
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引用次数: 0
Concluding conversation: decentring science diplomacy. 结束语:科学外交的去中心化。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000475
Gordon Barrett, Claire Edington, Aya Homei, Kate Sullivan de Edstrada, Zuoyue Wang

Gordon Barrett (GB): Research Associate, Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, UK (special issue co-editor).

戈登-巴雷特(GB):英国曼彻斯特大学科学、技术和医学史中心副研究员(特刊联合编辑)。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
British Journal for the History of Science
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