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How the Glaishers pictured snowflakes. Glaishers 如何描绘雪花。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000803
Floris Winckel

The Glaisher snowflakes (1855) are amongst the most recognizable images of snow crystals produced in the nineteenth century. Made with the intent of compiling a comprehensive record of snow crystal forms, they also appeared in a variety of print publications, from popular magazines to scientific textbooks, and briefly circulated through various scientific and artistic societies. In a time when reliable images of these small, transparent, ephemeral objects were few and far between, the Glaisher snowflakes were widely praised for both their beauty and their fidelity to nature. But their origin has so far been little examined. This article sheds light on how James and Cecilia Glaisher went about making them, and invites readers to see them through three interconnected perspectives: as products of a domestic environment, as products of a husband-and-wife collaboration, and as products of iterative image making.

格莱舍雪花》(1855 年)是十九世纪最著名的雪晶图像之一。制作这幅作品的目的是为了全面记录雪花晶体的形态,它们还出现在从大众杂志到科学教科书等各种印刷出版物中,并在各种科学和艺术协会中短暂流传。当时,这些小而透明的短暂物体的可靠图像少之又少,格莱舍雪花因其美丽和忠实于自然而广受赞誉。但迄今为止,人们对它们的起源却知之甚少。这篇文章揭示了詹姆斯-格莱舍和塞西莉亚-格莱舍是如何制作雪花的,并邀请读者从三个相互关联的角度来看待它们:作为家庭环境的产物、夫妻合作的产物以及反复制作图像的产物。
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引用次数: 0
Proxies and partial connections in an anthropologist's archive. 人类学家档案中的代理和部分联系。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000815
Dmitry V Arzyutov, David G Anderson

This article examines the role of primary ethnographic materials - of field notes, letters and photographs - and even of the shelves and bookcases - in building accounts of the human condition. We trace the lives of incomplete and not-yet-found manuscripts, which have been treated as representative of whole archives, as well as closely held convictions and ideas in the history of anthropology. In so doing, we employ the notion of a 'proxy', or a set of signs and images which point the audience in particular directions, without determining their overall destination. Our research is based on a few episodes from the histories of paper and digital copies of manuscripts and photographs of the anthropological couple Sergei and Elizabeth Shirokogoroff, who conducted ethnographic, linguistic and some archaeological research, first on the borderlands between China and Russia, and then later within China. We aim to show the complexity and social and intellectual vibrancy of their ethnographic field archives, which have been scattered across countries, institutions and personal collections. We conclude by suggesting that engaging anthropologically with field archives enables us to approach existing perspectives on archives in a new way, viewing them not as containers of catalogued information, but as entanglements reflecting social relations in local communities, the trajectories of ethnographers, and the aspirations of scholars asking questions today.

本文探讨了原始民族学资料--田野笔记、书信和照片--甚至书架和书柜--在构建人类状况描述中的作用。我们追溯了不完整和尚未找到的手稿的生命,这些手稿被视为整个档案的代表,也被视为人类学历史中的重要信念和思想。在此过程中,我们采用了 "代理 "的概念,即一组标志和图像,这些标志和图像为观众指明了特定的方向,但并不决定他们的总体目的地。我们的研究基于谢尔盖和伊丽莎白-希罗科格罗夫这对人类学夫妇的手稿和照片的纸质和数字拷贝史中的几个片段。他们先是在中俄边境地区,后来又在中国境内进行了人种学、语言学和一些考古学研究。我们旨在展示他们民族学田野档案的复杂性以及社会和知识的活力,这些档案分散在不同的国家、机构和个人收藏中。最后,我们认为,从人类学的角度来研究田野档案,能让我们以一种新的方式来看待现有的档案视角,而不是将其视为编目信息的容器,而是将其视为反映当地社区社会关系、民族学家研究轨迹以及当今学者提问愿望的纠葛。
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引用次数: 0
Essay review: technopolitics, development and the residues of the South African state. 论文评论:技术政治、发展和南非国家的残余。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424001031
Anne Heffernan

It has been thirty years since the end of political apartheid in South Africa in 1994. Those decades have been marked by single-party dominance under the African National Congress (ANC), and the expansion of democratic rights and public goods like education, as well as neoliberal economic policies, growing inequality and, in recent years, corruption and maladministration scandals. On the heels of a historic election in May 2024, one which marked the end of the ANC's electoral dominance and was shaped, in part, by government mismanagement of the energy sector and extensive infrastructural decline, it is a timely moment to consider the history of South Africa's state and its relation to industries of extraction and energy production. Two new books do just that. Residual Governance: How South Africa Foretells Planetary Futures, by Gabrielle Hecht, takes a long view of the impact of extractive industries, arguing that contemporary South Africa may offer a cautionary tale of the devastating impacts of the Anthropocene, one that 'foretells planetary futures' in the way that the state has failed to reckon with the enduring communal and environmental impacts of the mining industry. Apartheid's Leviathan: Electricity and the Power of Technological Ambivalence, by Faeeza Ballim, historicizes the development of South Africa's electricity sector under the apartheid state and traces the roots of the current energy crisis back to the pursuit of authoritarian high modernism in the mid-twentieth century.

南非的政治种族隔离制度自 1994 年结束至今已有三十年。在这三十年里,非洲人国民大会(ANC)一党独大,民主权利和教育等公共产品不断扩大,新自由主义经济政策、不平等现象日益加剧,近年来腐败和弊政丑闻频发。2024 年 5 月将举行历史性的选举,这标志着非国大在选举中主导地位的终结,其部分原因在于政府对能源行业的管理不善和基础设施的广泛衰退。两本新书正是这样做的。残余治理:加布里埃尔-赫希特(Gabrielle Hecht)所著的《南非如何预言行星的未来》从长远角度探讨了采掘业的影响,认为当代南非可能是人类世破坏性影响的一个警示故事,它 "预言了行星的未来",因为国家未能考虑到采矿业对社区和环境的持久影响。种族隔离的利维坦:法伊扎-巴利姆(Faeeza Ballim)所著的《电力与技术矛盾的力量》对种族隔离制度下南非电力部门的发展进行了历史性的梳理,并将当前能源危机的根源追溯到二十世纪中叶对专制高度现代主义的追求。
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引用次数: 0
Charting the hybrid architectural style of quantum theory. 描绘量子理论的混合建筑风格。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000839
Steven French

Given how thoroughly the history of quantum physics has been excavated, it might be wondered what these two hefty volumes by a physicist (Duncan) and a historian (Janssen) bring to the table. Aside from their inclusion of a wide range of recent work in this area, including some notable publications by themselves, the answer is twofold: first, as they state explicitly in the preface to the first volume, derivations of the key results are presented 'at a level that a reader with a command of physics and mathematics comparable to that of an undergraduate in physics should be able to follow without having to take out pencil and paper' (vol. 1, p. vi). In response to those who might raise Whiggish eyebrows, I shall simply play the 'you-try-reading-Pascual-Jordan's-groundbreaking-work-in-the-original' card. As the authors suggest, by using modern notation and streamlining derivations whilst also, they maintain, remaining conceptually faithful to the original sources (ibid.), the book is rendered suitable for classroom use, albeit at the higher undergraduate or graduate levels.

鉴于量子物理学史已被挖掘得如此透彻,人们可能会问,由物理学家(邓肯)和历史学家(杨森)撰写的这两卷厚重的著作究竟带来了什么。除了收录了这一领域的大量最新研究成果,包括他们自己发表的一些著名论文之外,答案有两个方面:首先,正如他们在第一卷的序言中明确指出的那样,对关键结果的推导 "是以这样一种水平呈现的,即具有与物理学本科生相当的物理学和数学知识的读者无需拿出纸笔就能理解"(第 1 卷,第 vi 页)。对于那些可能会挑起辉格党眉毛的人,我只想打一张'你来试读帕斯夸尔-乔丹的开创性原著'的牌。正如作者所言,通过使用现代符号和简化推导,同时在概念上忠实于原始资料(同上),本书适合在课堂上使用,尽管是高年级本科生或研究生。
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引用次数: 0
The politics of medical expertise and substance control: WHO consultants for addiction rehabilitation and pharmacy education in Thailand and India during the Cold War. 医学专门知识和药物管制的政治:冷战时期世界卫生组织在泰国和印度的戒毒康复和药学教育顾问。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/S000708742400058X
Reiko Kanazawa

This paper explores the role of World Health Organization (WHO) medical experts in ambitious projects for substance control during the Cold War in Thailand and India. The circumstances surrounding opium production in these two nations were very different, as were the reasons for requesting expert assistance from the United Nations. Whereas the Thai military regime was concerned with controlling illicit traffic to secure its borders, the Indian government wanted to direct its opium raw materials towards domestic pharmaceutical production. Overlapping and sometimes competing agendas of country governments and international agencies converged upon each project, complicating the consultants' work and requiring careful navigation. In both cases, medicine as a science concerned with human health and well-being was subordinated to more pressing agendas. At the same time, the article argues that WHO consultants left an important impact, though not necessarily due to their skills and training in medicine. Instead, they provided exemplars of sound governance and delivery of public health in a politically stable and economically developed country.

本文探讨了冷战期间世界卫生组织(世卫组织)医学专家在泰国和印度雄心勃勃的药物管制项目中发挥的作用。这两个国家的鸦片生产情况截然不同,请求联合国提供专家援助的理由也大相径庭。泰国军政权关注的是控制非法贩运以确保边境安全,而印度政府则希望将鸦片原料用于国内药品生产。各国政府和国际机构的议程相互重叠,有时甚至相互竞争,每个项目都是如此,这使顾问的工作变得复杂,需要小心谨慎地处理。在这两种情况下,作为一门关注人类健康和福祉的科学,医学都被置于更紧迫的议程之下。同时,文章认为,世卫组织顾问留下了重要影响,尽管这不一定是由于他们在医学方面的技能和培训。相反,他们为一个政治稳定、经济发达的国家提供了健全治理和公共卫生服务的典范。
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引用次数: 0
Performing national independence through medical diplomacy: tuberculosis control and socialist internationalism in Cold War Vietnam. 通过医疗外交实现国家独立:冷战时期越南的结核病防治与社会主义国际主义。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000487
Michitake Aso

This article explores medical diplomacy as a means of navigating distinct but related nation-building and internationalist projects during the Cold War. It examines how medical professionals from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) utilized their expertise to bolster foreign relations and assert national independence. This article focuses on how three tuberculosis (TB) specialists - Đặng Đức Trạch, Phạm Ngọc Thạch and Phạm Khắc Quảng - adopted, adapted and circulated techniques of TB control, including a modified version of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Amidst these endeavours, these medical-doctors-cum-diplomats navigated various forms of internationalism while soliciting medical assistance. Their roles within the DRV's state apparatus were prominently showcased from the 1950s to the 1970s, particularly at international gatherings such as the conferences of Ministers of Health of the Socialist Countries (MOHOSC). Because of the political complexities inherent in socialist internationalism, these conferences provided a crucial platform for dialogue among socialist nations when other avenues were limited. Consequently, the DRV's medical experts cultivated goodwill and garnered political support, despite encountering mixed results in their TB control initiatives.

本文探讨了医学外交作为冷战时期引导不同但相关的国家建设和国际主义项目的一种手段。文章探讨了越南民主共和国(DRV)的医疗专业人员如何利用他们的专业知识促进对外关系和维护国家独立。本文重点介绍了三位结核病(TB)专家--Đặng Đức Trạch, Phạm Ngọc Thạch 和 Phạm Khắc Quảng --如何采用、改造和传播结核病控制技术,包括改良版的卡介苗(BCG)。在这些努力中,这些医生兼外交官在争取医疗援助的同时,还游走于各种形式的国际主义之间。从 20 世纪 50 年代到 70 年代,他们在刚果民主共和国国家机器中的作用得到了突显,尤其是在社会主义国家卫生部长会议(MOHOSC)等国际会议上。由于社会主义国际主义固有的政治复杂性,当其他途径受到限制时,这些会议为社会主义国家之间的对话提供了一个重要平台。因此,尽管在结核病控制措施方面取得的成果有好有坏,但 DRV 的医学专家还是赢得了良好的声誉和政治支持。
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引用次数: 0
Value, knowledge and reputation: zoological exchange by Australian museums, 1870-1900. 价值、知识和声誉:澳大利亚博物馆的动物学交流,1870-1900 年。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000700
Henry Reese, Vanessa Finney, Simon Ville

The burgeoning nineteenth-century public-museum sector built a significant part of its natural-history specimen collections through extensive international trading. The early 2020s has seen an upsurge of scholarly interest in this largely overlooked trade. Exchange was a distinctive aspect of the natural-history trade that reveals much about the diverse practices and motives of the institutional collectors. Economic-geographic benefits included conserving the limited financial resources of museums and exploiting complementarities in the geographic distribution of specimens. Collection management, institutional reputation, social connection and international diplomacy were also part of a complex mix of value making that shaped this important international trade. We analyse the exchange practices of the three largest museums in the Australian colonies in the final three decades of the nineteenth century who exchanged Australia's 'rare and curious' fauna with collectors across the globe. By deploying and analysing extensive, comparative data on a particular form of natural history, zoology, and a particular kind of trade, exchange trading, among three Australian museums, this paper extends and enriches recent scholarship on the mobility of natural-history specimens and how they were traded.

十九世纪新兴的公共博物馆部门通过广泛的国际贸易建立了其自然历史标本收藏的重要部分。20 世纪 20 年代初,学者们对这一在很大程度上被忽视的贸易兴趣大增。交换是自然历史贸易的一个独特方面,它揭示了机构收藏者的各种做法和动机。经济地理利益包括保护博物馆有限的财政资源和利用标本地理分布的互补性。藏品管理、机构声誉、社会关系和国际外交也是塑造这一重要国际贸易的复杂价值组合的一部分。我们分析了澳大利亚殖民地三大博物馆在十九世纪最后三十年与全球收藏家交换澳大利亚 "珍稀奇特 "动物标本的实践。通过运用和分析有关澳大利亚三家博物馆之间一种特殊形式的自然史--动物学和一种特殊类型的贸易--交换交易的大量比较数据,本文扩展并丰富了近期有关自然史标本的流动性及其交易方式的学术研究。
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引用次数: 0
'Like nets or cobwebs': Kenelm Digby, Isaac Newton and the problem of rarefaction. 像网或蜘蛛网":肯纳姆-迪格比、艾萨克-牛顿和稀释问题。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000554
John Henry

This article aims to bring out the problematic nature of condensation and rarefaction for early modern natural philosophers by considering two historically significant attempts to deal with it, first by Sir Kenelm Digby in his Treatise on Body (1644), and subsequently by Isaac Newton, chiefly in manuscript works associated with the Principia (1687). It is argued that Digby tried to sidestep the problem of variation in density and rarity by making it a fundamental starting point for his physics. But he also brought out the difficulties of dealing with condensation and rarefaction within the mechanical philosophy, whether that philosophy was plenist or allowed for void space. The problems became exacerbated after experiments with the air-pump achieved extreme rarefactions. It is argued that these led Newton to first consider a retiform or net-like structure of matter, before adopting the radical innovation of supposing repelling forces operating at a distance between the particles of the rarefied bodies. Eventually, Newton came to believe that extreme rarity was inexplicable 'by any other means than a repulsive Power'.

本文旨在通过研究肯纳姆-迪格比爵士(Sir Kenelm Digby)在其《身体论》(1644 年)中,以及随后艾萨克-牛顿(Isaac Newton)主要在与《原理》(1687 年)相关的手稿作品中对凝结和稀释问题的两次具有历史意义的尝试,来揭示凝结和稀释对于早期现代自然哲学家的问题本质。有人认为,迪格比试图回避密度和稀有度的变化问题,将其作为物理学的基本出发点。但他也提出了在机械哲学中处理冷凝和稀释问题的困难,无论该哲学是充气哲学还是允许虚无空间的哲学。在用气泵进行了极端稀膨胀实验后,问题变得更加严重。有人认为,这导致牛顿首先考虑物质的网状结构,然后才采用激进的创新方法,假设稀释体的粒子之间存在一定距离的排斥力。最终,牛顿认为,"除了排斥力之外,任何其他方法都无法解释极端稀疏性"。
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引用次数: 0
Concluding Conversation: De-centring Science Diplomacy - CORRIGENDUM. 结束语:科学外交去中心化 - CORRIGENDUM.
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000712
Gordon Barrett, Claire Edington, Aya Homei, Kate Sullivan de Estrada, Zuoyue Wang
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引用次数: 0
Horizontal Chemistry. 横向化学。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000451
Michelle DiMeo, Andrew Gregory, Frank A J L James, Viviane Quirke

In 1976 Raymond Williams commented, 'Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language.' Such implied difficulty has not prevented Bloomsbury Academic, since the 2000s, from publishing around forty series of their well-produced and generously illustrated Cultural Histories, with, according to their website, a further fifty in progress. Each series contains six volumes, each book covering, in theory, the same chronological period (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the age of empire and the modern age), though there is some variation depending on precise topic. The idea is that one can use these books not only to read 'horizontally' about a subject across time, but also 'vertically' through different subjects in the same period - a idea made easier by the e-texts of the series on Bloomsbury's website.

1976 年,雷蒙德-威廉斯评论说:"文化是英语中最复杂的两三个词之一。这种隐含的困难并没有妨碍布鲁姆斯伯里学术出版社自 2000 年代以来出版了约 40 套制作精良、图文并茂的《文化史》丛书,据其网站介绍,还有 50 套正在出版中。每个系列包括六卷,理论上每本书都涵盖相同的年代(古代、中世纪、文艺复兴、启蒙运动、帝国时代和现代),但根据具体主题会有一些差异。我们的想法是,人们不仅可以利用这些书籍 "横向 "阅读跨时代的主题,还可以 "纵向 "阅读同一时期的不同主题--布鲁姆斯伯里网站上的电子版丛书让这一想法变得更加容易。
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引用次数: 0
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British Journal for the History of Science
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