Genetic markers and biochemical evaluation in the winter triticale identification and breeding.

Winter hexaploid triticale lines and cultivars were identified by protein (storage and enzyme) and DNA markers. The locus of B-Amy-2 and Adh-1 were characterized by two alleles, Mdh-1 by 3 alleles, B-Amy-1 and Mdh-2 by 4 alleles and the locus controlling cathodic peroxidase isozymes, a-amylase and esterase by 6, 9 and 12 alleles, respectively. Intra-and intervarietal variation, for the enzyme coding loci, gliadin and glutenine were found. According to the isoenzyme analysis and the grain quality lines 28 and 49 (softness, high amylose content: 28.9-25.6, protein: 11,6- 11,2% and albumin 50-43%) could be marked as genotypes suitable for brewing and were characterized by allele b-Amy-1-b. Genotypes 1420 and 1434 are good for bread making with a hardness index between 52 and 62 and a W value (alveograph) of 110- 120. Allele a-Amy-b is positively correlated with amylose content (r = 0.601) and negatively with protein content (r - 0.490), the correlation of the presence of allele 1-Amy-1-b and amylose content is r- 0.549. Three breeding lines had 40% amylose content in grain and flour. Furthermore, the presence of allele Mdh-1 was associated with a high content of glutenin (r = 0.568), and controlled by genes localized in a single linkage group. Also statistically significant correlations for Mdh-1 -a and Prx-D containing albumin to total protein (%) could observed. It was illustrated that the peroxidase activity and free proline content can be used as resistance markers to abiotic factors.