Cisplatin's dual-effect on the circadian clock triggers proliferation and apoptosis

The circadian clock, which generates the internal daily rhythm largely mediated through release of melatonin, can be disrupted in various ways. Multiple factors result in a disruption of the circadian cycle in the clinical context, of interest are anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin. Cisplatin modulates the circadian clock through two mechanisms: 1) the circadian clock control of DNA excision repair and 2) the effect of circadian clock disruption on apoptosis. Cisplatin can stimulate multiple classified molecules, including DNA repair factors, DNA damage recognition factors and transcription factors in drug resistance and cisplatin-induced signal transduction. These factors interact with each other and can be transformed by DNA damage. Hence, these molecular interactions are intimately involved in cell proliferation and damage-induced apoptosis. Cisplatin has a dual-effect on circadian genes: upregulation of CLOCK expression causes an increase in proliferation but upregulation of BMAL1 expression causes an increase in apoptosis. Therefore, the interference of circadian genes by cisplatin can have multiple, opposing effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation, which may have unintended pro-cancer effects. Melatonin and intracellular Ca²⁺ also have a dual-effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis and can disrupt circadian rhythms.