父母离婚对孩子的影响。

Q3 Medicine Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki Pub Date : 2022-03-28 Epub Date: 2021-11-26 DOI:10.22365/jpsych.2021.040
Hüseyin Çaksen
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Post-divorce problems in children vary by raters, and may depend on the time lapse since divorce.4 Lansford et al 5 noted that early parental divorce/separation is more negatively related to trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems than is later divorce/separation, whereas later divorce/separation is more negatively related to grades. In another study, divorce in parents was significantly associated with higher alcohol use disorder, higher cigarette dependence and higher water pipe dependence in adolescents.6 In the study of Tullius et al 7 the levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems were significantly higher in the period after parental divorce, but not in the period before divorce, with a persistent and increasing effect over the follow-up periods compared to adolescents not experiencing divorce. Zeratsion et al 8 reported that parental divorce in late adolescence does not lead to mental health problems, as has been shown before, while such problems may prevail among young adolescents. This does not mean that parental divorce creates less problems in late adolescence than before but these youths might have developed adjustment abilities against health effects as divorce have turned to be more common. In our clinical practice, we have also observed various emotional, behavioral, psychosomatic, and conversion disorders in children, particularly in preadolescents and adolescents, before and/or after a separation or divorce of parents. Children often lack information and skills to overcome the challenges that the divorce carries. Conflicting relationships between parents make up the biggest obstacle that makes it difficult for a child to successfully deal with changes in the family. Even though parents deal with heavy feelings, it is desirable to put them the child and his interests in the first place. In order to stabilize the family system, 2 to 4 years are usually needed.1 Physicians can assist families by providing support and advice, and advocating for children within systems that serve separating families. Physicians can provide information so that individuals who work with such children recognize, and are sensitive to, their individual needs, and provide supportive and nurturing experiences for the children in schools, camps and sporting activities. These efforts will promote better mental health outcomes for children affected by their parents' separation.9 The most important way to minimize emotional harm to children involved in a separation and divorce is to ensure that children maintain a close and secure relationship with both parents, unless there is spousal or child abuse or neglect, or parental substance abuse.9 Age-appropriate explanation and counseling for the child and advice and guidance for the parents, as well as recommendation of reading material, may help reduce the potential negative effects of divorce. Often, referral to professionals with expertise in the social, emotional, and legal aspects of the separation and its aftermath may be helpful for these families.10 An example of paragraph from a reading material for parents is as follows: The most comprehensive centre of man's worldly life, and its mainspring, and a paradise, refuge, and fortress of worldly happiness, is the life of the family. Everyone's home is a small world for him/her. And the life and happiness of his/her home and family are possible through genuine, earnest, and loyal respect and true, tender, and self-sacrificing compassion. This true respect and genuine kindness may be achieved with the idea of the members of the family having an everlasting companionship and friendship and togetherness, and their parental, filial, brotherly, and friendly relations continuing for all eternity in a limitless life, and their believing this.11 In conclusion, we would like emphasize that various psychosocial, psychosomatic and conversion disorders may be seen in children affected by parental divorce. Physicians interested in child health can notice parents' separation problems during evaluation of children. 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Physicians can provide information so that individuals who work with such children recognize, and are sensitive to, their individual needs, and provide supportive and nurturing experiences for the children in schools, camps and sporting activities. These efforts will promote better mental health outcomes for children affected by their parents' separation.9 The most important way to minimize emotional harm to children involved in a separation and divorce is to ensure that children maintain a close and secure relationship with both parents, unless there is spousal or child abuse or neglect, or parental substance abuse.9 Age-appropriate explanation and counseling for the child and advice and guidance for the parents, as well as recommendation of reading material, may help reduce the potential negative effects of divorce. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

家庭对孩子的成长很重要。离婚对整个家庭来说是一件压力很大的生活事件。孩子依赖父母,在离婚期间处于不利地位,因为他们无法控制在此,我们提出我们的观察关于孩子的父母分居或离婚,以提高医生对离婚的负面影响的认识。受父母离婚影响的个人患各种心理健康状况的风险更高,包括情绪和行为障碍、学习成绩差、抑郁、焦虑、自杀意念、自杀未遂、痛苦、吸烟和滥用药物。2,3女孩的外化问题早于并预示着后来父母的离婚。离婚后孩子的问题因评分者而异,而且可能取决于离婚后的时间Lansford等人5指出,父母早期离婚/分居与内在化和外在化问题轨迹的负相关程度高于后来离婚/分居,而后来离婚/分居与成绩的负相关程度更高。在另一项研究中,父母离婚与青少年较高的酒精使用障碍、较高的香烟依赖和较高的水管依赖显著相关在Tullius等人的研究中,在父母离婚后的一段时间内,内化和外化问题的水平都明显更高,但在离婚前的一段时间内却没有,与没有经历过离婚的青少年相比,在后续的时间里,内化和外化问题的影响持续不断地增加。Zeratsion等8报告说,父母在青春期后期离婚并不会像以前所显示的那样导致精神健康问题,而这类问题可能在青少年中普遍存在。这并不意味着父母离婚在青春期后期产生的问题比以前少,但随着离婚变得越来越普遍,这些年轻人可能已经发展了适应健康影响的能力。在我们的临床实践中,我们也观察到儿童的各种情绪、行为、身心和转换障碍,特别是在青春期前和青少年,在父母分居或离婚之前和/或之后。孩子们往往缺乏信息和技能来克服离婚带来的挑战。父母之间矛盾的关系是孩子难以成功应对家庭变化的最大障碍。即使父母处理沉重的感情,最好把他们的孩子和他的利益放在第一位。为了稳定家庭制度,通常需要2到4年的时间医生可以通过提供支持和建议来帮助家庭,并在为分离家庭服务的系统中倡导儿童。医生可以提供信息,使与这些儿童一起工作的人认识到他们的个人需求,并对他们的个人需求敏感,并在学校、营地和体育活动中为儿童提供支持和培养经验。这些努力将促进受父母分居影响的儿童获得更好的心理健康结果尽量减少分居和离婚对孩子的情感伤害的最重要的方法是确保孩子与父母双方保持亲密和安全的关系,除非有配偶或孩子虐待或忽视,或父母滥用药物为孩子提供适龄的解释和咨询,为父母提供建议和指导,以及推荐阅读材料,可能有助于减少离婚的潜在负面影响。通常,向那些在分离及其后果的社会、情感和法律方面具有专业知识的专业人士咨询可能会对这些家庭有所帮助父母阅读材料中的一个段落的例子如下:人的世俗生活的最全面的中心,它的主要源泉,天堂,避难所和世俗幸福的堡垒,是家庭生活。每个人的家对他/她来说都是一个小世界。通过真诚、认真、忠诚的尊重和真实、温柔、自我牺牲的同情,他/她的家庭和家庭的生活和幸福是可能的。这种真正的尊重和真诚的善良可以通过家庭成员拥有永恒的陪伴、友谊和团聚的观念来实现,他们的父母、子女、兄弟和友好的关系在无限的生命中永远持续下去,并且他们相信这一点最后,我们要强调的是,父母离婚的儿童可能会出现各种社会心理、身心和转化障碍。对儿童健康感兴趣的医生可以在评估儿童时注意到父母的分离问题。转介给具有分离专业知识的专业人士可能对冲突的父母有所帮助。
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The effects of parental divorce on children.

Family is very important for development of children. Divorce is a life event with a high level of stress for the entire family. Children are dependent on parents and disadvantaged during divorce because it is out of their control.1 Herein, we present our observations about children whose parents separated or divorced to increase the awareness of physicians about the negative effects of divorce. Individuals affected by parental divorce have a higher risk of developing a variety of mental health conditions including emotional and behavioral disorders, poor school performance, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, distress, smoking and substance abuse.2,3 Externalizing problems in girls precede and predict later parental divorce. Post-divorce problems in children vary by raters, and may depend on the time lapse since divorce.4 Lansford et al 5 noted that early parental divorce/separation is more negatively related to trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems than is later divorce/separation, whereas later divorce/separation is more negatively related to grades. In another study, divorce in parents was significantly associated with higher alcohol use disorder, higher cigarette dependence and higher water pipe dependence in adolescents.6 In the study of Tullius et al 7 the levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems were significantly higher in the period after parental divorce, but not in the period before divorce, with a persistent and increasing effect over the follow-up periods compared to adolescents not experiencing divorce. Zeratsion et al 8 reported that parental divorce in late adolescence does not lead to mental health problems, as has been shown before, while such problems may prevail among young adolescents. This does not mean that parental divorce creates less problems in late adolescence than before but these youths might have developed adjustment abilities against health effects as divorce have turned to be more common. In our clinical practice, we have also observed various emotional, behavioral, psychosomatic, and conversion disorders in children, particularly in preadolescents and adolescents, before and/or after a separation or divorce of parents. Children often lack information and skills to overcome the challenges that the divorce carries. Conflicting relationships between parents make up the biggest obstacle that makes it difficult for a child to successfully deal with changes in the family. Even though parents deal with heavy feelings, it is desirable to put them the child and his interests in the first place. In order to stabilize the family system, 2 to 4 years are usually needed.1 Physicians can assist families by providing support and advice, and advocating for children within systems that serve separating families. Physicians can provide information so that individuals who work with such children recognize, and are sensitive to, their individual needs, and provide supportive and nurturing experiences for the children in schools, camps and sporting activities. These efforts will promote better mental health outcomes for children affected by their parents' separation.9 The most important way to minimize emotional harm to children involved in a separation and divorce is to ensure that children maintain a close and secure relationship with both parents, unless there is spousal or child abuse or neglect, or parental substance abuse.9 Age-appropriate explanation and counseling for the child and advice and guidance for the parents, as well as recommendation of reading material, may help reduce the potential negative effects of divorce. Often, referral to professionals with expertise in the social, emotional, and legal aspects of the separation and its aftermath may be helpful for these families.10 An example of paragraph from a reading material for parents is as follows: The most comprehensive centre of man's worldly life, and its mainspring, and a paradise, refuge, and fortress of worldly happiness, is the life of the family. Everyone's home is a small world for him/her. And the life and happiness of his/her home and family are possible through genuine, earnest, and loyal respect and true, tender, and self-sacrificing compassion. This true respect and genuine kindness may be achieved with the idea of the members of the family having an everlasting companionship and friendship and togetherness, and their parental, filial, brotherly, and friendly relations continuing for all eternity in a limitless life, and their believing this.11 In conclusion, we would like emphasize that various psychosocial, psychosomatic and conversion disorders may be seen in children affected by parental divorce. Physicians interested in child health can notice parents' separation problems during evaluation of children. Referral to professionals with expertise in separation may be helpful for conflicting parents.

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Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki
Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki Medicine-Medicine (all)
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