少数民族政府

IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0281
Bonnie N. Field, Shane Martin
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引用次数: 1

摘要

少数派政府是由一个或多个政党的部长组成的政府,在这些政党中,内阁中代表的一个或几个政党并不同时在议会或立法机构中占据绝对多数(50%加1)席位。少数党政府对议会制度特别感兴趣,在议会制度中,政府对议会负责,这意味着议会可以通过不信任投票罢免政府。在这种环境下,少数党政府令人困惑,因为据推测,议会的政治组成决定了谁将执政,而议会可以罢免它不支持的现任政府。本参考书目主要关注议会制度和国家政府(然而,我们承认,关于国家以下一级少数民族政府的文献越来越多)。少数党政府很常见,在议会系统中约占所有政府的三分之一。在欧洲背景下,少数民族政府在丹麦、瑞典和挪威等斯堪的纳维亚民主国家以及西班牙、罗马尼亚、波兰、捷克共和国和爱尔兰尤为常见。它们也发生在加拿大、澳大利亚、英国和印度,这些国家历史上更习惯于一党多数政府。少数民族政府也经常出现在地区和地方一级。几个问题推动了对少数民族政府的研究。第一个问题是少数党政府的形成原因。它们是不合逻辑的结果,还是动荡的政治环境产生的结果,或者是政党理性决策的结果?是否存在某些有利于组建少数民族政府的政治或制度特征?第二条研究线深入探讨了少数民族政府是如何治理的。这包括他们是否通过与议会其他政党的正式协议执政,以及通过议会内的联盟建设战略执政。它还包括对议会中为少数民族政府提供支持的政党的调查,学者称之为“支持政党”。第三条研究线调查少数民族政府的表现。特别是,少数群体地位如何影响政府的任期及其实现政策目标和获得公众支持的能力?虽然对少数民族政府的研究各不相同,但总的来说,它已经从认为少数民族政府是独特的和潜在的问题转变为将其视为能够有效治理的理性内阁解决方案。
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Minority Governments
A minority government is one that comprises ministers from one or more political parties where the party or parties represented in the cabinet do not simultaneously hold an absolute majority (50 percent plus one) of the seats in the parliament or legislature. Minority governments are particularly interesting in parliamentary systems, where the government is responsible to parliament, meaning that the parliament can remove the government with a vote of no confidence. Minority governments are puzzling in this environment because, presumably, the political composition of the parliament determines who will govern, and the parliament can remove a sitting government that it does not support. This bibliography focuses primarily on parliamentary systems and national governments (we acknowledge, however, a growing literature on minority governments at the subnational level). Minority governments are common, representing approximately one-third of all governments in parliamentary systems. In the European context, minority governments have been particularly common in the Scandinavian democracies of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and in Spain, Romania, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Ireland. They have also occurred in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and India, which historically were more accustomed to single-party majority governments. Minority governments also frequently occur at the regional and local level. Several questions drive research on minority governments. The first is why minority governments form. Are they an illogical outcome or one that a troubled political environment produces, or are they the consequences of rational decisions by political parties? Are there certain political or institutional characteristics that favor the formation of minority governments? A second line of research delves into how minority governments govern. This includes whether they govern with formal agreements with other parties in parliament, and through their alliance-building strategies within parliament. It also includes investigations into parties that provide support to minority governments within parliament—what scholars term “support parties.” A third line of research investigates the performance of minority governments. In particular, how does minority status affect the duration of the government and its ability to accomplish its policy goals and generate public support? While the research on minority governments varies, in general it has moved from viewing minority governments as peculiar and potentially problematic toward seeing them as rational cabinet solutions capable of effective governance.
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来源期刊
Political Science
Political Science POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: Political Science publishes high quality original scholarly works in the broad field of political science. Submission of articles with a regional focus on New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific is particularly encouraged, but content is not limited to this focus. Contributions are invited from across the political science discipline, including from the fields of international relations, comparative politics, political theory and public administration. Proposals for collections of articles on a common theme or debate to be published as special issues are welcome, as well as individual submissions.
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