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Sloppy targeting of Chinese voters in the 2020 New Zealand general election: an exploration of National and Labour’s targeting strategies 2020年新西兰大选对华裔选民的草率锁定:国家党和工党的锁定策略探讨
4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2273519
Luna L. Zhao
The targeting of ethnic Chinese voters is a relatively hidden area in New Zealand politics. This article explores how the two major parties in New Zealand, National and Labour, employed political marketing to target Chinese voters in the 2020 election. The findings reveal that National’s targeting approach lacked clear direction and structure, while Labour failed to demonstrate explicit intentions in targeting the Chinese community. Neither party exhibited a comprehensive understanding of this ethnic group nor developed effective political products to address their concerns. These shortcomings in targeting can be attributed to the broader context of National’s chaotic 2020 election campaign and Labour’s apparent disinterest in engaging with Chinese voters during an election where it already enjoyed a high approval rate among the public. The incomplete targeting efforts by both parties reflect the unique context of an election dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
华人选民的目标是新西兰政治中一个相对隐蔽的领域。本文探讨了新西兰两大政党国家党和工党如何在2020年大选中利用政治营销来瞄准中国选民。调查结果显示,国家党的目标方针缺乏明确的方向和结构,而工党未能表现出针对华人社区的明确意图。两党都没有表现出对这个民族的全面了解,也没有开发出有效的政治产品来解决他们的关切。这些定位上的缺陷可以归因于国家党2020年竞选活动混乱的大背景,以及工党在选举期间显然对与中国选民接触不感兴趣,而工党在公众中已经获得了很高的支持率。两党不完全的针对性努力反映了新冠肺炎疫情主导的选举的独特背景。
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引用次数: 1
Leaderless Movements? Rethinking Leaders, Spontaneity, and Organisation-Ness 无领导的运动吗?重新思考领导者、自发性和组织性
4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2259396
Brian C.H. Fong
ABSTRACT‘Leaderless movements’ are hallmarks of contemporary contentious politics. Yet, scholars have not reached a consensus on the definition of leaderless movements – with some highlighting ‘spontaneity’ while others explore ‘organisation-ness’. This study informs the theoretical debates by conceptualising leaderless movements as a shifting interplay of leaders, spontaneity and organisation-ness, using the case study of the 2019–20 Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Bill Movement. This study found that a plurality of social movement organisations had integrated both spontaneity and organisation-ness when mobilising, spanning from organisation formalisation to managing resources and advancing actions. The empirical findings of this study point to the need for rethinking the dynamics of leaders, spontaneity, and organisation-ness in contentious politics, suggesting a new definition that guides future studies of leaderless movements worldwide.KEYWORDS: Leaderless movementspontaneityorganization-nesssocial movement organizationcontentious politics Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).DisclaimerThis study seeks to offer scholarly, descriptive analyses of actors, events, forces, and trends relating to Hong Kong’s social movements. It does not express the author’s personal, prescriptive view on the constitutional development of Hong Kong. It also does not reflect the official position of National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan.Notes1. For an overview of the role of organisations in social movements, see Walker and Martin (Citation2019).2. It meant that no overarching organisation commanded the movement.3. It meant that different protesters should each make their own contribution to the movement along the way.4. LIHKG Forum is a Reddit-like online forum, where anonymous users are posting ideas for different kinds of topics. During the Anti-Extradition Bill Movement, the LIHKG Forum had been evolved into an open platform for spontaneous netizens to discuss and vote for different protest strategies. For details, see Lee et al. (Citation2021).5. Journalistic reports showed that student unions and the HKFS were not at the forefront of the action as they had been during the 2014 Umbrella Movement. Nevertheless, they were active in performing different organisation-ness functions, such as coordinating legal support for arrested student protesters, initiating joint class boycotts, and conducting international lobbying (see McLaughlin Citation2019).6. Newspaper archives indicate that the 20-plus pro-democracy umbrella professional groups were active in issuing joint statements and organising professional support for protesters. For example, they issued a joint statement to condemn the police after the 721 Yuen Long Attack on 21 July 2019 (see Stand News Citation2019) and offered support for the student unions’ class boycott in September 2019 by offering legal advisory and counselling services (see Hu Citation2019).7. Loc
香港大学学生会于1912年香港大学成立时成立。14.香港中文大学学生会成立于1971年,而其他学生会则是在上世纪八九十年代各大学成立时成立的。该活动的官方Facebook帖子:https://www.facebook.com/HKHIIAD/posts/119122499421857.15。该活动的官方Facebook帖子:https://www.facebook.com/HKHIIAD/posts/141087527225354.16。该活动的官方Facebook帖子:https://www.facebook.com/283strike/posts/132660884852221.17。本次活动的官方Facebook帖子:https://www.facebook.com/283strike/posts/159447335506909.Additional informationfunding作者没有收到任何关于本文的研究、创作和/或出版的经济支持。作者简介方志辉,台湾国立中山大学社会科学学院教授。他的研究重点是大国竞争、民主化和身份政治,发表了80多篇期刊文章、书籍章节和著作等。他还是几本国际书籍的主编,包括《劳特利奇大国竞争与中国影响力手册》和《香港、台湾和印度太平洋地区的中心-外围拉锯战》。
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引用次数: 0
The Realpolitik of small states: explaining New Zealand’s silence on human rights violations in Turkey (Türkiye) and China 小国的现实政治:解释新西兰对土耳其(土耳其)和中国侵犯人权行为的沉默
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2248990
M. Armoudian, S. Noakes
ABSTRACT When and why do human rights-defending countries tolerate the actions of known rights violators? This paper examines that question using New Zealand’s bilateral relationships with the Republic of Turkey (also Türkiye) and the People’s Republic of China. The aim is to ascertain systematic regularities as to when and why New Zealand, a liberal democratic state with an expressed commitment to human rights, has been relatively mum on atrocities in China and Turkey. Drawing from archival and recent documentary evidence, the article finds that shifting commercial interests play a key role in New Zealand’s reticence, and that its relationships with China and Turkey have deepened over time, even amid increasing authoritarianism and human rights abuses in these countries.
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引用次数: 0
Plural policing contemporary New Zealand: insights into state power, actors and relational dynamics 多元警务当代新西兰:洞察国家权力,行动者和关系动态
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2238729
F. Scarpello
ABSTRACT New Zealand has a very plural policing landscape, though little is known about many of its facets. This article provides initial answers to three crucial questions: Who plays a policing role in contemporary New Zealand, how is state power exercised, and what shapes state-society-policing relations? The findings show that neoliberalism has strongly affected state-society-policing relations, and several actors across the state and society divide partake in police-centred partnerships. It also finds that state-society-policing relations reflect ideological, political and socioeconomic divisions inherent in contemporary New Zealand but arching back to its founding days. This emerges through analysing how the two main community-led policing initiatives, the Community Patrols New Zealand and the Māori wardens, relate to the police and the state. The findings matter beyond New Zealand and academia. They reiterate that plural policing is one of the primary expressions of how power is exercised in society, and it affects issues related to state legitimacy and social justice.
摘要新西兰的治安格局非常多元,尽管人们对其许多方面知之甚少。本文初步回答了三个关键问题:谁在当代新西兰扮演警务角色,国家权力是如何行使的,是什么塑造了国家与社会的警务关系?研究结果表明,新自由主义强烈影响了州与社会的警务关系,州与社会之间的一些行动者参与了以警察为中心的伙伴关系。它还发现,国家与社会的警务关系反映了当代新西兰固有的意识形态、政治和社会经济分歧,但可以追溯到其建国时期。这是通过分析两个主要的社区领导的警务举措,即新西兰社区巡逻和毛利典狱长,与警察和国家的关系而得出的。这些发现的重要性超出了新西兰和学术界。他们重申,多元警务是社会权力行使方式的主要表现之一,它影响着与国家合法性和社会正义相关的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Military force development in New Zealand and Singapore: realising different influences on small state military capability 新西兰和新加坡的军事力量发展:实现对小国军事能力的不同影响
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2233532
Vernon Noel Bennett
ABSTRACT New Zealand and Singapore are both capable small states with notably different security and defence concerns. The relative level of commitment that Singapore provides to its military forces in comparison to New Zealand is not only a reflection of the tremendous economic, social and technological development that has occurred in the city state since its independence, but is also due the different perceptions, discretion and motivation that each state has regarding the role and utility of their military instruments. The differences in their military capabilities also reflect how each has responded to their particular circumstances as small states. New Zealand has, to a large extent, worked within the constraints expected of small states while Singapore has striven to overcome them. However, the military capabilities of both states are significantly influenced by their characteristics as small states, and these form the basis of the challenges that they are likely to face going forward. This article examines key factors and elements underpinning why New Zealand and Singapore have developed markedly different military forces in the period from 1965 to 2022 in order to understand the extent to which their characteristics as small states have influenced their respective approaches to force development.
新西兰和新加坡都是有能力的小国,在安全和防务问题上有着明显的不同。与新西兰相比,新加坡为其军事力量提供的相对承诺水平不仅反映了这个城市国家自独立以来取得的巨大经济、社会和技术发展,而且还反映了每个国家对其军事工具的作用和效用的不同看法、酌处权和动机。两国军事能力的差异也反映了各自作为小国如何应对各自的特殊环境。新西兰在很大程度上是在小国应有的限制条件下工作的,而新加坡则在努力克服这些限制。然而,这两个国家的军事能力都受到它们作为小国的特点的重大影响,这些特点构成了它们今后可能面临的挑战的基础。本文考察了新西兰和新加坡在1965年至2022年期间发展出明显不同军事力量的关键因素和要素,以了解两国作为小国的特点在多大程度上影响了各自的军事发展方式。
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引用次数: 0
Identity and institutional thickening of Asia and the Pacific: narrating regional belonging in the foreign policy of Indonesia 亚洲和太平洋的身份认同与制度增厚:印尼外交政策中的区域归属叙事
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2242853
Anna Grzywacz
ABSTRACT The institutionalisation and strengthening of cooperation between Asia – Pacific states has been discussed for over 30 years. While experiencing institutional thickening, assessing integration in the region highlights some obstacles to deepening cooperation such as the lack of a common identity. Multiple forms of cooperation affect regional identity formation, but the question of how states explain belonging to different platforms of cooperation within one region remains neglected. If an actor initiates and contributes to multiple forms of cooperation, what narratives are employed, and what factors determine this discursive approach? By applying the concept of strategic narratives, I analyse how an understanding of a region changes with different platforms of cooperation involving the Asia – Pacific and Indo-Pacific, and I offer an explanation of discursive politics drawing from foreign policy analysis. I argue that variation in a state’s narratives display coherency if they are complementary and that a state’s discursive approach can be explained through three drivers: a state’s self-conception, perception of regional changes, and patterns of regional institutionalisation. The arguments are substantiated by an analysis of Indonesia’s regional engagement and narratives thereof.
亚太国家间合作的制度化和加强已经讨论了30多年。尽管该地区的体制不断充实,但对一体化的评估突显了深化合作的一些障碍,例如缺乏共同身份。多种形式的合作影响着区域认同的形成,但国家如何解释属于一个区域内不同合作平台的问题仍然被忽视。如果一个演员发起并促成了多种形式的合作,那么会采用哪些叙事,以及哪些因素决定了这种话语方式?通过应用战略叙事的概念,我分析了对一个地区的理解如何随着涉及亚太和印太的不同合作平台而变化,并从外交政策分析中对话语政治进行了解释。我认为,如果一个州的叙事是互补的,那么它们的变化就会显示出连贯性,而一个国家的话语方式可以通过三个驱动因素来解释:一个州对自我概念、对地区变化的感知和地区制度化的模式。对印度尼西亚的区域参与及其叙述的分析证实了这些论点。
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引用次数: 0
Referendum campaign financing by political parties: the case of the United Kingdom 政党为公投运动提供资金:以英国为例
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2238715
T. Paulissen, Bart Maddens
ABSTRACT The literature on the political finance of referendum campaigns has focussed primarily on how these are regulated in individual countries, but scholarly work is yet to empirically explore how these regulations and other factors translate into concrete spending practices of political parties. This article attempts to do this for the United Kingdom (UK), which has one of the oldest and most extensive referendum political finance regimes, with the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act (PPERA). After formulating several hypotheses grounded in party behaviour and political finance literature, we offer a close examination of the PPERA’s regulations on referendum campaign finance and compare the expenditure patterns of UK political parties in five post-PPERA referendums. The findings suggest that the competitiveness of a referendum, as well as a party’s financial resources and the salience of the referendum topic for the party are possible explanations for their financial engagement in the referendum campaign. More surprisingly, our results show that expenditure limits imposed by the PPERA barely have an effect on party expenditure. Parties rarely come close to the limits imposed, but when they do bump up against the limit, they are able to circumvent this via donations, which do not count towards their spending cap.
摘要关于公投运动的政治融资的文献主要集中在各个国家如何对其进行监管,但学术工作尚未从经验上探索这些监管和其他因素如何转化为政党的具体支出实践。本文试图为英国(UK)做这件事,英国拥有最古老、最广泛的公投政治融资制度之一,拥有《政党、选举和公投法》(PPERA)。在建立了基于政党行为和政治财政文献的几个假设之后,我们对PPERA关于公投竞选资金的规定进行了仔细的研究,并比较了英国政党在PPERA后的五次公投中的支出模式。调查结果表明,公投的竞争力,以及一个政党的财政资源和公投主题对该党的重要性,可能是他们参与公投活动的财政原因。更令人惊讶的是,我们的结果显示,PPERA规定的支出限制对政党支出几乎没有影响。政党很少接近规定的限额,但当他们确实达到限额时,他们可以通过捐款来规避,捐款不计入他们的支出上限。
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引用次数: 0
The issues that divide us: three recent books 让我们产生分歧的问题:最近出版的三本书
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2023.2223630
Kate Nicholls
ABSTRACT This essay reviews three recent books that address a range of policy issues currently affecting politics in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dominic O’Sullivan’s Sharing the Sovereign illustrates how treaties between states and Indigenous peoples can provide the basis for power-sharing arrangements across various spheres of public policy. Paul Spoonley’s The New New Zealand outlines the profound immigration-driven demographic changes experienced in recent decades and the failures of decision-makers to adjust to this new reality. Max Rashbrooke’s Too Much Money analyses the issue of social class in New Zealand and the dangers of an apparently increasing class divide. The essay outlines some of these arguments in detail and evaluates each contribution to both scholarship and actual public policy debates as New Zealand arguably enters a more contentious political moment.
这篇文章回顾了最近出版的三本关于当前影响新西兰奥特罗阿政治的一系列政策问题的书。多米尼克·奥沙利文的《分享主权》阐述了国家和土著人民之间的条约如何为公共政策各个领域的权力分享安排提供基础。保罗·斯波利(Paul Spoonley)的《新西兰》(The New Zealand)概述了近几十年来由移民推动的深刻的人口变化,以及决策者未能适应这一新现实。马克斯·拉什布鲁克的《太多的钱》分析了新西兰的社会阶级问题,以及明显日益扩大的阶级分化的危险。本文详细概述了其中的一些论点,并评估了每一项对学术和实际公共政策辩论的贡献,因为新西兰可以说进入了一个更具争议的政治时刻。
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引用次数: 0
How the Chinese people understand democracy: a multi-method study based on four waves of nationwide representative surveys 中国人民如何理解民主——基于四波全国代表性调查的多方法研究
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2112401
余泓波, Hsin-Che Wu
ABSTRACT Different methods of measurement for survey research have been developed to explore how the public understands democracy. In the existing research on the democratic understanding of the Chinese people, closed-ended questions are often used to measure this understanding. However, the results obtained can only prove whether the democratic understanding of the Chinese people deviates from or is close to liberal democracy. This article applied grounded theory to classify respondents’ answers to an open-ended question. Unlike previous research findings, this article’s findings showed that even Chinese people’s democratic understanding has certain procedural or substantive elements. However, this understanding consists of only emphasizing their rights and interests under the Communist Party of China-led system rather than being more inclined toward liberal democracy. Additionally, the higher effective response rates for closed-ended questions suggested that Chinese people need a higher level of political knowledge and engagement in public affairs to form their own understanding of democracy when answering an open-ended question. We argue that although closed-ended questions are more convenient for statistical analysis, open-ended questions with the classification method developed in this study can paint a more accurate picture of respondents’ understanding of democracy in China.
为了探索公众对民主的理解,人们开发了不同的测量方法进行调查研究。在现有的关于中国人民民主理解的研究中,经常使用封闭式问题来衡量这种理解。然而,所获得的结果只能证明中国人民的民主理解是否偏离或接近自由民主。本文运用扎根理论对一个开放式问题的回答进行了分类。与以往的研究结果不同,本文的研究结果表明,即使是中国人的民主理解也具有一定的程序性或实质性成分。然而,这种理解只是强调他们在中国共产党领导的体制下的权益,而不是更倾向于自由民主。此外,封闭式问题的有效回答率较高,这表明中国人在回答开放式问题时需要更高水平的政治知识和参与公共事务,以形成自己对民主的理解。我们认为,尽管封闭式问题更便于统计分析,但采用本研究开发的分类方法的开放式问题可以更准确地反映受访者对中国民主的理解。
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引用次数: 1
Announcing Local Government Relief Aid - Electoral Effects During a Pandemic 宣布地方政府救济援助-流行病期间的选举影响
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2022.2128832
Seungwon Yu, Suhee Kim, YeonWoo Sim
ABSTRACT Government relief aid policies are vitally important in response to disasters. Based on the literature on the politics of natural disasters, this article examines the effect on the election results of local governments’ policy announcements in response to a pandemic. Using data from the 2020 Korean general election with the Instrumental Variable methodology, both the announcement and the provision of relief aid contributed to the victory of the ruling party’s candidates. Management of both supply-side and demand-side relief aid policies affects election results. Lastly, the relationship between the announcement and the election is also affected by the characteristics of local governments (e.g. population size and partisanship).
政府救灾援助政策在应对灾害中起着至关重要的作用。本文以自然灾害政治相关文献为基础,考察了地方政府应对大流行的政策公告对选举结果的影响。用工具变量法分析2020年总选数据的结果显示,大国家党候选人的获胜,与发表宣言和提供救济援助都有关系。供给侧和需求侧救济援助政策的管理都会影响选举结果。最后,公告与选举之间的关系也受到地方政府特征(如人口规模和党派)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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