A cooperative model of photovoltaic and electricity-to- hydrogen including green certificate trading under the conditional value at risk

Cooperation in energy systems is no longer limited to the distribution of electricity, and more attention is paid to the trading of green certificates (GCs). This paper proposed a cooperative method for photovoltaic (PV) and electric-to- hydrogen (EH) trading, including GC trading under risk management. First, a novel PV and EH model is established and the cooperation mechanism is analyzed. Meanwhile, PV and EH models were risk-controlled using the conditional value at risk to reduce the impact of the uncertainty of PV electricity and EH loads. Then, the PV-EH cooperative model was established based on cooperative game theory; this was then divided into two subproblems of “cooperative benefit maximization” and “transaction payment negotiation,” and the above two subproblems were solved distributively by alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM). Only energy transactions and price negotiations were conducted between the PV and EH, which can protect the privacy and confidentiality of each entity. Finally, the effectiveness of the cooperation model was verified using a practical engineering case. The simulation results show that the cooperation of the PV-EH can significantly improve the operational efficiency of each entity and the overall efficiency of the cooperation and realize the efficient redistribution of electricity and GC.