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Investigating and predicting the role of photovoltaic, wind, and hydrogen energies in sustainable global energy evolution 调查和预测光伏、风能和氢能在全球可持续能源发展中的作用
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.009

The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels. This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities for transitioning to sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrogen. This transition economically challenges traditional energy sectors while fostering new industries, promoting job growth, and sustainable economic development. The transition to renewable energy demands social equity, ensuring universal access to affordable energy, and considering community impact. The environmental benefits include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a lesser ecological footprint. This study highlights the rapid growth of the global wind power market, which is projected to increase from $112.23 billion in 2022 to $278.43 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.67%. In addition, the demand for hydrogen is expected to increase, significantly impacting the market with potential cost reductions and making it a critical renewable energy source owing to its affordability and zero emissions. By 2028, renewables are predicted to account for 42% of global electricity generation, with significant contributions from wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, particularly in China, the European Union, the United States, and India. These developments signify a global commitment to diversifying energy sources, reducing emissions, and moving toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions. This review offers stakeholders the insights required to smoothly transition to sustainable energy, setting the stage for a resilient future.

应对气候变化的迫切需要和化石燃料供应的日益减少推动了全球向下一代能源系统的转变。本综述探讨了向太阳能、风能和氢能等可持续可再生能源过渡所面临的错综复杂的挑战和机遇。这种过渡在经济上对传统能源行业提出了挑战,同时也促进了新兴产业的发展,推动了就业增长和可持续经济发展。向可再生能源过渡要求社会公平,确保普遍获得负担得起的能源,并考虑对社区的影响。环境效益包括大幅减少温室气体排放和减少生态足迹。本研究强调了全球风力发电市场的快速增长,预计将从 2022 年的 1 122.3 亿美元增至 2030 年的 2 784.3 亿美元,复合年增长率为 13.67%。此外,对氢气的需求预计也将增加,这将对市场产生重大影响,因为氢气具有降低成本的潜力,并因其经济实惠和零排放而成为重要的可再生能源。预计到 2028 年,可再生能源将占全球发电量的 42%,其中风能和太阳能光伏(PV)技术将做出重大贡献,尤其是在中国、欧盟、美国和印度。这些发展标志着全球致力于实现能源多样化、减少排放,并向更清洁、更可持续的能源解决方案迈进。本综述为利益相关者提供了向可持续能源平稳过渡所需的洞察力,为实现具有复原力的未来奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under DC bias based on finite element method 基于有限元法的直流偏置下 110 千伏变压器的振动和噪声机理
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.012

Global energy and environmental issues are becoming increasingly problematic, and the vibration and noise problem of 110 kV transformers, which are the most widely distributed, have attracted widespread attention from both inside and outside the industry. DC bias is one of the main contributing factors to vibration noise during the normal operation of transformers. To clarify the vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under a DC bias, a multi-field coupling model of a 110 kV transformer was established using the finite element method. The electromagnetic, vibration, and noise characteristics during the DC bias process were compared and quantified through field circuit coupling in parallel with the power frequency of AC, harmonic, and DC power sources. It was found that a DC bias can cause significant distortions in the magnetic flux density, force, and displacement distributions of the core and winding. The contributions of the DC bias effect to the core and winding are different at Kdc = 0.85. At this point, the core approached saturation, and the increase in the core force and displacement slowed. However, the saturation of the core increased the leakage flux, and the stress and displacement of the winding increased faster. The sound field distribution characteristics of the 110 kV transformer under a DC bias are related to the force characteristics. When the DC bias coefficient was 1.25, the noise sound pressure level reached 73.6 dB.

全球能源和环境问题日益突出,其中分布最广的 110 千伏变压器的振动和噪声问题引起了业内外的广泛关注。直流偏置是变压器正常运行时产生振动噪声的主要因素之一。为阐明直流偏置下 110 kV 变压器的振动和噪声机理,采用有限元法建立了 110 kV 变压器的多场耦合模型。通过与交流、谐波和直流电源的功率频率并联的场回路耦合,对直流偏置过程中的电磁、振动和噪声特性进行了比较和量化。研究发现,直流偏置会导致铁芯和绕组的磁通密度、磁力和位移分布发生严重扭曲。在 Kdc = 0.85 时,直流偏置效应对铁芯和绕组的贡献不同。此时,铁芯接近饱和,铁芯磁力和位移的增加速度减慢。然而,铁芯的饱和增加了漏磁通量,绕组的应力和位移增加得更快。110 kV 变压器在直流偏置下的声场分布特性与力特性有关。当直流偏置系数为 1.25 时,噪声声压级达到 73.6 dB。
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引用次数: 0
Collaborative robust dispatch of electricity and carbon under carbon allowance trading market 碳配额交易市场下的电力与碳协同稳健调度
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.003

The launch of the carbon-allowance trading market has changed the cost structure of the power industry. There is an asynchronous coupling mechanism between the carbon-allowance-trading market and the day-ahead power-system dispatch. In this study, a data-driven model of the uncertainty in the annual carbon price was created. Subsequently, a collaborative, robust dispatch model was constructed considering the annual uncertainty of the carbon price and the daily uncertainty of renewable-energy generation. The model is solved using the column-and-constraint generation algorithm. An operation and cost model of a carbon-capture power plant (CCPP) that couples the carbon market and the economic operation of the power system is also established. The critical, profitable conditions for the economic operation of the CCPP were derived. Case studies demonstrated that the proposed low-carbon, robust dispatch model reduced carbon emissions by 2.67% compared with the traditional, economic, dispatch method. The total fuel cost of generation decreases with decreasing, conservative, carbon-price-uncertainty levels, while total carbon emissions continue to increase. When the carbon-quota coefficient decreases, the system dispatch tends to increase low-carbon unit output. This study can provide important guidance for carbon-market design and the low-carbon-dispatch selection strategies.

碳配额交易市场的启动改变了电力行业的成本结构。碳配额交易市场与日前电力系统调度之间存在异步耦合机制。在这项研究中,建立了一个以数据为驱动的年度碳价格不确定性模型。随后,考虑到碳价格的年度不确定性和可再生能源发电量的日不确定性,构建了一个协同、稳健的调度模型。该模型采用列约束生成算法求解。此外,还建立了碳捕集发电厂(CCPP)的运营和成本模型,该模型将碳市场和电力系统的经济运营结合在一起。得出了 CCPP 经济运行的关键盈利条件。案例研究表明,与传统的经济调度方法相比,所提出的低碳稳健调度模型减少了 2.67% 的碳排放量。随着保守的碳价格不确定性水平的降低,发电的总燃料成本也随之降低,而碳排放总量却持续增加。当碳配额系数降低时,系统调度倾向于增加低碳机组的输出。这项研究可为碳市场设计和低碳调度选择策略提供重要指导。
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引用次数: 0
Study on green power supply modes for heavy load in remote areas 偏远地区重负荷绿色供电模式研究
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.011

In this study, the present situation and characteristics of power supply in remote areas are summarized. By studying the cases of power supply projects in remote areas, the experience is analyzed and described, and the applicability of related technologies, such as grid-forming storage and power load management, is studied, including grid-connection technologies, such as grid-forming converters and power load management. On this basis, three power-supply modes were proposed. The application scenarios and advantages of the three modes were compared and analyzed. Based on the local development situation, the temporal sequences of the three schemes are described, and a case study was conducted. The study of the heavy-load power supply mode in remote areas contributes to solving the problem of heavy-load green power consumption in remote areas and promoting the further development of renewable energy.

本研究总结了偏远地区的供电现状和特点。通过对偏远地区供电工程案例的研究,分析和阐述了经验,研究了相关技术的适用性,如并网储能和电力负荷管理,包括并网技术,如并网变流器和电力负荷管理。在此基础上,提出了三种供电模式。对比分析了三种模式的应用场景和优势。根据当地发展情况,描述了三种方案的时序,并进行了案例研究。偏远地区重载供电模式的研究有助于解决偏远地区重载绿色用电问题,促进可再生能源的进一步发展。
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引用次数: 0
Improved combustion stability of biogas at different CO2 concentrations using inhomogeneous partially premixed stratified flames 利用非均质部分预混合分层火焰提高不同二氧化碳浓度下沼气的燃烧稳定性
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.008

Biogas is a renewable and clean energy source that plays an important role in the current environment of low- carbon transition. If high-content CO2 in biogas can be separated, transformed, and utilized, it not only realizes high-value utilization of biogas but also promotes carbon reduction in the biogas field. To improve the combustion stability of biogas, an inhomogeneous, partially premixed stratified (IPPS) combustion model was adopted in this study. The thermal flame structure and stability were investigated for a wide range of mixture inhomogeneities, turbulence levels, CO2 concentrations, air-to-fuel velocity ratios, and combustion energies in a concentric flow slot burner (CFSB). A fine-wire thermocouple is used to resolve the thermal flame structure. The flame size was reduced by increasing the CO2 concentration and the flames became lighter blue. The flame temperature also decreased with increase in CO2 concentration. Flame stability was reduced by increasing the CO2 concentration. However, at a certain level of mixture inhomogeneity, the concentration of CO2 in the IPPS mode did not affect the stability. Accordingly, the IPPS mode of combustion should be suitable for the combustion and stabilization of biogas. This should support the design of highly stabilized biogas turbulent flames independent of CO2 concentration. The data show that the lower stability conditions are partially due to the change in fuel combustion energy, which is characterized by the Wobbe index (WI). In addition, at a certain level of mixture inhomogeneity, the effect of the WI on flame stability becomes dominant.

沼气是一种可再生的清洁能源,在当前低碳转型的大环境下发挥着重要作用。如果能将沼气中的高浓度二氧化碳分离、转化和利用,不仅能实现沼气的高值化利用,还能促进沼气领域的碳减排。为了提高沼气的燃烧稳定性,本研究采用了非均质、部分预混分层(IPPS)燃烧模型。在同心流槽燃烧器(CFSB)中,研究了各种混合物不均匀度、湍流水平、二氧化碳浓度、空气与燃料速度比和燃烧能量下的热火焰结构和稳定性。细线热电偶用于解析热火焰结构。随着二氧化碳浓度的增加,火焰尺寸减小,火焰颜色变浅。火焰温度也随着二氧化碳浓度的增加而降低。火焰稳定性随着二氧化碳浓度的增加而降低。然而,在混合物不均匀度达到一定程度时,IPPS 模式下的二氧化碳浓度不会影响稳定性。因此,IPPS 燃烧模式应适用于沼气的燃烧和稳定。这将有助于设计与二氧化碳浓度无关的高度稳定的沼气湍流火焰。数据显示,稳定性较低的条件部分是由于燃料燃烧能量的变化造成的,这种变化以沃伯指数(WI)为特征。此外,在混合物不均匀度达到一定程度时,WI 对火焰稳定性的影响会变得非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic optimal allocation of energy storage systems integrated within photovoltaic based on a dual timescale dynamics model 基于双时间尺度动力学模型的光伏一体化储能系统的动态优化配置
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.005

Energy storage systems (ESSs) operate as independent market participants and collaborate with photovoltaic (PV) generation units to enhance the flexible power supply capabilities of PV units. However, the dynamic variations in the profitability of ESSs in the electricity market are yet to be fully understood. This study introduces a dual-timescale dynamics model that integrates a spot market clearing (SMC) model into a system dynamics (SD) model to investigate the profit-aware capacity growth of ESSs and compares the profitability of independent energy storage systems (IESSs) with that of an ESS integrated within a PV (PV-ESS). Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the optimal allocation of the PV-ESS. First, SD and SMC models were set up. Second, the SMC model simulated on an hourly timescale was incorporated into the SD model as a subsystem, a dual-timescale model was constructed. Finally, a development simulation and profitability analysis was conducted from 2022 to 2040 to reveal the dynamic optimal range of PV-ESS allocation. Additionally, negative electricity prices were considered during clearing processes. The simulation results revealed differences in profitability and capacity growth between IESS and PV-ESS, helping grid investors and policymakers to determine the boundaries of ESSs and dynamic optimal allocation of PV-ESSs.

储能系统(ESS)作为独立的市场参与者运作,并与光伏(PV)发电装置合作,以增强光伏装置的灵活供电能力。然而,ESS 在电力市场中的盈利能力的动态变化尚待充分了解。本研究引入了一个双时间尺度动力学模型,将现货市场清算(SMC)模型集成到系统动力学(SD)模型中,以研究ESS 的盈利意识容量增长,并比较独立储能系统(IESS)与集成在光伏发电(PV-ESS)中的ESS 的盈利能力。此外,本研究还旨在确定 PV-ESS 的最佳分配。首先,建立了 SD 和 SMC 模型。其次,将以小时为时间尺度模拟的 SMC 模型作为子系统纳入 SD 模型,构建了双时间尺度模型。最后,从 2022 年到 2040 年进行了发展模拟和盈利分析,以揭示 PV-ESS 分配的动态优化范围。此外,在清算过程中还考虑了负电价。模拟结果揭示了 IESS 和 PV-ESS 在盈利能力和容量增长方面的差异,有助于电网投资者和政策制定者确定 ESS 的边界和 PV-ESS 的动态优化配置。
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引用次数: 0
Optimized scheduling of integrated energy systems for low carbon economy considering carbon transaction costs 考虑碳交易成本的低碳经济综合能源系统优化调度
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.010

With the introduction of the “dual carbon” goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development, the integrated energy system (IES) has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions. This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs. With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads, an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established. The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples, and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios. The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%, 9.1%, 3.35%, and 7.03%, respectively, whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%, 20.63%, 3.85%, and 18.03%, respectively, when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously. Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance. In the analyzed case, the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account. Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them, whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.

随着 "双碳 "目标的提出和低碳发展的不断推进,综合能源系统(IES)逐渐成为节能减排的有效途径。本研究提出了一种考虑碳交易成本的综合能源系统低碳经济优化调度模型。以 IES 总运行成本最小化为目标,考虑电力和热力柔性负荷的可转移性和可缩减性,建立了考虑碳交易成本和用户侧柔性负荷的 IES 优化调度模型。通过实例研究了灵活负荷在提高能源系统经济性方面的作用,并通过对不同方案的对比分析验证了研究的合理性和有效性。结果表明,在同时考虑碳交易成本和需求侧柔性电力和热力负荷响应的情况下,不同情景下系统的总成本分别降低了 18.04%、9.1%、3.35% 和 7.03%,而系统的总碳排放量分别降低了 65.28%、20.63%、3.85% 和 18.03%。灵活的电力和热负荷对系统性能的影响并不相同。在分析的案例中,只考虑柔性电力负荷响应时的系统总成本和碳排放量低于只考虑柔性热负荷响应时的总成本和碳排放量。光伏发电的碳交易额度过剩,可以通过出售碳交易额度获利,而其他设备的碳交易额度过剩,需要购买碳交易额度。
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引用次数: 0
A coordinated operation method of wind-PV-hydrogen- storage multi-agent energy system 风能-光伏-氢能-储能多代理能源系统的协调运行方法
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.001

Wind-photovoltaic (PV)-hydrogen-storage multi-agent energy systems are expected to play an important role in promoting renewable power utilization and decarbonization. In this study, a coordinated operation method was proposed for a wind-PV- hydrogen-storage multi-agent energy system. First, a coordinated operation model was formulated for each agent considering peer-to-peer power trading. Second, a coordinated operation interactive framework for a multi-agent energy system was proposed based on the theory of the alternating direction method of multipliers. Third, a distributed interactive algorithm was proposed to protect the privacy of each agent and solve coordinated operation strategies. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated operation method was tested on multi-agent energy systems with different structures, and the operational revenues of the wind power, PV, hydrogen, and energy storage agents of the proposed coordinated operation model were improved by approximately 59.19%, 233.28%, 16.75%, and 145.56%, respectively, compared with the independent operation model.

风能-光伏-储氢多代理能源系统有望在促进可再生能源利用和去碳化方面发挥重要作用。本研究提出了风能-光伏-储氢多代理能源系统的协调运行方法。首先,考虑到点对点电力交易,为每个代理制定了一个协调运行模型。其次,基于乘法交替方向法理论,提出了多代理能源系统的协调运行交互框架。第三,提出了一种分布式交互算法,以保护每个代理的隐私并解决协调操作策略。最后,在不同结构的多代理能源系统上测试了所提出的协调运行方法的有效性,与独立运行模型相比,所提出的协调运行模型的风电、光伏、氢能和储能代理的运行收益分别提高了约 59.19%、233.28%、16.75% 和 145.56%。
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引用次数: 0
Generation of input spectrum for electrolysis stack degradation test applied to wind power PEM hydrogen production 生成适用于风电 PEM 制氢的电解堆降解测试输入频谱
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.006

Hydrogen production by proton exchange membrane electrolysis has good fluctuation adaptability, making it suitable for hydrogen production by electrolysis in fluctuating power sources such as wind power. However, current research on the durability of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers is insufficient. Studying the typical operating conditions of wind power electrolysis for hydrogen production can provide boundary conditions for performance and degradation tests of electrolysis stacks. In this study, the operating condition spectrum of an electrolysis stack degradation test cycle was proposed. Based on the rate of change of the wind farm output power and the time-averaged peak-valley difference, a fluctuation output power sample set was formed. The characteristic quantities that played an important role in the degradation of the electrolysis stack were selected. Dimensionality reduction of the operating data was performed using principal component analysis. Clustering analysis of the data segments was completed using an improved Gaussian mixture clustering algorithm. Taking the annual output power data of wind farms in Northwest China with a sampling rate of 1 min as an example, the cyclic operating condition spectrum of the proton-exchange membrane electrolysis stack degradation test was constructed. After preliminary simulation analysis, the typical operating condition proposed in this paper effectively reflects the impact of the original curve on the performance degradation of the electrolysis stack. This study provides a method for evaluating the degradation characteristics and system efficiency of an electrolysis stack due to fluctuations in renewable energy.

质子交换膜电解法制氢具有良好的波动适应性,适用于风力发电等波动电源的电解制氢。然而,目前对质子交换膜电解槽耐久性的研究还不够。研究风电电解制氢的典型运行条件可以为电解堆的性能和降解测试提供边界条件。本研究提出了电解堆降解试验周期的运行条件谱。根据风电场输出功率的变化率和时间平均峰谷差,形成了波动输出功率样本集。选取了对电解槽退化起重要作用的特征量。使用主成分分析法对运行数据进行降维处理。使用改进的高斯混合聚类算法完成了数据段的聚类分析。以中国西北地区采样率为 1 分钟的风电场年输出功率数据为例,构建了质子交换膜电解堆降解试验的周期运行状况谱。经过初步仿真分析,本文提出的典型运行工况能有效反映原始曲线对电解堆性能衰减的影响。本研究为评估可再生能源波动引起的电解堆退化特性和系统效率提供了一种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of the carbon market on investment benefits of power-grid enterprises in China: A system dynamics analysis 碳市场对中国电网企业投资效益的影响:系统动力学分析
IF 1.9 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2024.08.007

The power grid, as the hub connecting the power supply and consumption sides, plays an important role in achieving carbon neutrality in China. In emerging carbon markets, assessing the investment benefits of power-grid enterprises is essential. Thus, studying the impact of the carbon market on the investment and operation of power- grid enterprises is key to ensuring their efficient operation. Notably, few studies have examined the interaction between the carbon and electricity markets using system dynamics models, highlighting a research gap in this area. This study investigates the impact of the carbon market on the investment of power-grid enterprises using a novel evaluation system based on a system dynamics model that considers carbon-emissions from an established carbon-emission accounting model. First, an index system for benefit evaluation was constructed from six aspects: financing ability, economic benefit, reliability, social responsibility, user satisfaction, and carbon-emissions. A system dynamics model was then developed to reflect the causal feedback relationship between the impact of the carbon market on the investment and operation of power-grid enterprises. The simulation results of a provincial power-grid enterprise analyze comprehensive investment evaluation benefits over a 10-year period and the impact of carbon emissions on the investment and operation of power-grid enterprises. This study provides guidelines for the benign development of power-grid enterprises within the context of the carbon market.

电网作为连接供用电双方的枢纽,在中国实现碳中和的过程中发挥着重要作用。在新兴碳市场中,评估电网企业的投资效益至关重要。因此,研究碳市场对电网企业投资和运营的影响是确保电网企业高效运营的关键。值得注意的是,很少有研究利用系统动力学模型研究碳市场与电力市场之间的相互作用,这凸显了该领域的研究空白。本研究采用一种基于系统动力学模型的新型评价体系,考察了碳市场对电网企业投资的影响,该模型考虑了已建立的碳排放核算模型中的碳排放量。首先,从融资能力、经济效益、可靠性、社会责任、用户满意度和碳排放六个方面构建了效益评价指标体系。然后建立了系统动力学模型,以反映碳市场对电网企业投资和运营影响之间的因果反馈关系。通过某省级电网企业的模拟结果,分析了 10 年内的综合投资评价效益以及碳排放对电网企业投资和运营的影响。该研究为碳市场背景下电网企业的良性发展提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
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Global Energy Interconnection
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