Global Energy Interconnection最新文献

Optimal reactive power planning in an industrial microgrid: a case study of Urmia Petrochemical plant 工业微电网中最优无功规划：以乌尔米亚石化厂为例

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.02.005

Maryam Majidzadeh , Mostafa Esmaeeli , Hadi Afkar , Sajjad Golshannavaz , Zhiyi Li

In real industrial microgrids (MGs), the length of the primary delivery feeder to the connection point of the main substation is sometimes long. This reduces the power factor and increases reactive power absorption along the primary delivery feeder from the external network. Besides, the giant induction electro-motors as the working horse of industries requires remarkable amounts of reactive power for electro-mechanical energy conversions. To reduce power losses and operating costs of the MG as well as to improve the voltage quality, this study aims at providing an insightful model for optimal placement and sizing of reactive power compensation capacitors in an industrial MG. In the presented model, the objective function considers voltage profile and network power factor improvement at the MG connection point. Also, it realizes power flow equations within which all operational security constraints are considered. Various reactive power compensation strategies including distributed group compensation, centralized compensation at the main substation, and distributed compensation along the primary delivery feeder are scrutinized. A real industrial MG, say as Urmia Petrochemical plant, is considered in numerical validations. The obtained results in each scenario are discussed in depth. As seen, the best performance is obtained when the optimal location and sizing of capacitors are simultaneously determined at the main buses of the industrial plants, at the main substation of the MG, and alongside the primary delivery feeder. In this way, 74.81% improvement in power losses reduction, 1.3% lower active power import from the main grid, 23.5% improvement in power factor, and 37.5% improvement in network voltage deviation summation are seen in this case compared to the base case.

在实际的工业微电网中，主送电支线到主变电站连接点的长度有时很长。这降低了功率因数，并增加了从外部网络沿主输送馈线的无功功率吸收。此外，巨大的感应电动机作为工业的主力，需要大量的无功功率来进行机电能量转换。为了降低无功补偿电容器的功率损耗和运行成本，提高电压质量，本研究旨在为工业无功补偿电容器的最佳配置和尺寸提供一个有见地的模型。在该模型中，目标函数考虑了MG连接点的电压分布和网络功率因数的改善。同时，实现了考虑所有运行安全约束的潮流方程。研究了分布式群补偿、主变电所集中补偿和主馈线分布式补偿等多种无功补偿策略。在数值验证中考虑了一个实际的工业MG，如乌尔米亚石化厂。深入讨论了在每个场景中获得的结果。如图所示，在工业厂房的主母线、MG的主变电所和主馈线旁同时确定电容器的最佳位置和尺寸时，可获得最佳性能。由此可见，与基本情况相比，该方案的减损率提高了74.81%，主网输入有功功率降低了1.3%，功率因数提高了23.5%，电网电压偏差总和提高了37.5%。

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引用次数: 0

Control strategies for alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production: a comprehensive review and future perspectives 碱水电解制氢控制策略综述及展望

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.10.008

Zihang Dong , Xiaojun Shen , Li Wei , Alfredo Iranzo , Jose I. Leon

Driven by the global energy transition and carbon neutrality targets, alkaline water electrolysis has emerged as a key technology for coupling variable renewable generation with clean hydrogen production, offering considerable potential for absorbing surplus power and enhancing grid flexibility. However, conventional control architectures typically treat the power converter and electrolyzer as independent units, neglecting their dynamic interactions and thereby limiting overall system performance under practical operating conditions. This review critically examines existing control approaches, ranging from classical proportional-integral schemes to model predictive control, fuzzy-logic algorithms, and data-driven methods, evaluating their effectiveness in managing dynamic response, multivariable coupling, and operational constraints as well as their inherent limitations. Attention is then focused on the performance requirements of the hydrogen-production converter, including current ripple suppression, rapid transient response, adaptive thermal regulation, and stable power delivery. An integrated co‑control framework is proposed, aligning converter output with electrolyzer demand across steady-state operation, variable renewable input, and emergency shutdown scenarios to achieve higher efficiency, extended equipment lifetime, and enhanced operational safety. Finally, prospects for advancing unified control methodologies are outlined, with emphasis on constraint-aware predictive control, machine-learning-enhanced modeling, and real‑time co‑optimization for future alkaline electrolyzer systems.

在全球能源转型和碳中和目标的推动下，碱水电解已成为将可变可再生能源发电与清洁制氢相结合的关键技术，在吸收剩余电力和增强电网灵活性方面具有相当大的潜力。然而，传统的控制体系结构通常将功率转换器和电解槽视为独立的单元，忽略了它们之间的动态相互作用，从而限制了实际操作条件下的整体系统性能。这篇综述严格审查了现有的控制方法，从经典的比例积分方案到模型预测控制、模糊逻辑算法和数据驱动方法，评估了它们在管理动态响应、多变量耦合、操作约束以及其固有局限性方面的有效性。然后将注意力集中在制氢转换器的性能要求上，包括电流纹波抑制、快速瞬态响应、自适应热调节和稳定的电力输送。提出了一个集成的协同控制框架，将转换器输出与电解槽需求在稳态运行，可变可再生输入和紧急停机情况下保持一致，以实现更高的效率，延长设备使用寿命，并增强运行安全性。最后，概述了推进统一控制方法的前景，重点是约束感知预测控制、机器学习增强建模和未来碱性电解槽系统的实时协同优化。

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引用次数: 0

Bi-level optimization of configurations and scheduling for the multi-microgrid system (MMS) considering shared hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage service 考虑共享电-氢混合储能服务的多微网系统双级优化配置与调度

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.09.001

Lu Li , Xulong Zhou , Shilong Chen , Guihong Bi , Zeliang Zhu , Yurui Fan

Shared energy storage helps lower user investment costs and enhances energy efficiency, which is considered a pivotal driver in accelerating the green transition of energy sectors. In view of the increasing demand for hydrogen, this paper proposes a bi-level optimization of configurations and scheduling for combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) microgrid systems considering shared hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage service. The upper-level model addresses the capacity allocation problem of energy storage stations, while the lower-level model optimizes the operational strategies for the multi-microgrid system(MMS). To resolve the complexity of the coupled bi-level problem, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and the Big-M method are applied to reformulate it into a solvable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, compatible with CPLEX. The economic viability and rationality of the proposed approach are verified through comparisons of three cases. Numerical results show that the proposed approach reduces user annual costs by 20.15% compared to MMS without additional energy storage equipment and achieves 100% renewable absorption. For operators, it yields 5.71 M CNY annual profit with 3.02-year payback. Compared to MMS with electricity sharing, it further cuts user costs by 3.84%, boosts operator profit by 60.71%, and shortens payback by 15.88%.

共享储能有助于降低用户投资成本，提高能源效率，被认为是加速能源部门绿色转型的关键驱动因素。针对日益增长的氢需求，提出了一种考虑共享混合电-氢储能服务的冷热电联产微电网系统配置和调度的双层优化方法。上层模型解决储能电站的容量分配问题，下层模型优化多微网系统的运行策略。为了解决耦合双能级问题的复杂性，应用Karush-Kuhn-Tucker （KKT）条件和Big-M方法将其重新表述为可解的混合整数线性规划（MILP）模型，并与CPLEX兼容。通过三个案例的比较，验证了该方法的经济可行性和合理性。数值结果表明，与不增加储能设备的MMS相比，该方法可使用户年成本降低20.15%，并实现100%的可再生能源吸收。运营商年利润571万元，投资回收期为3.02年。与共享电价的彩信相比，用户成本降低3.84%，运营商利润提高60.71%，投资回收期缩短15.88%。

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引用次数: 0

Research on cooperative operation optimization of Nash-Stackelberg game in multiple virtual power plants under multiple uncertainties 多不确定条件下多虚拟电厂纳什- stackelberg博弈协同运行优化研究

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.10.005

Lei Dong , Shuaibo Zhang , Yang Li , Zibo Wang , Binwen Zhang , Hong Zhu , Wenlu Ji

This paper suggests a way to improve teamwork and reduce uncertainties in operations by using a game theory approach involving multiple virtual power plants (VPP). A generalized credibility-based fuzzy chance constraint programming approach is adopted to address uncertainties stemming from renewable generation and load demand within individual VPPs, while robust optimization techniques manage electricity and thermal price volatilities. Building upon this foundation, a hierarchical Nash-Stackelberg game model is established across multiple VPPs. Within each VPP, a Stackelberg game resolves the strategic interaction between the operator and photovoltaic prosumers (PVP). Among VPPs, a cooperative Nash bargaining model coordinates alliance formation. The problem is decomposed into two subproblems: maximizing coalitional benefits, and allocating cooperative surpluses via payment bargaining, solved distributively using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Case studies demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly enhances the economic efficiency and uncertainty resilience of multi-VPP alliances.

本文提出了一种利用多虚拟电厂（VPP）的博弈论方法来提高团队合作，降低运行不确定性的方法。采用广义的基于可信度的模糊机会约束规划方法来解决单个vpp内可再生能源发电和负荷需求的不确定性，同时采用稳健的优化技术来管理电力和热能价格波动。在此基础上，建立了跨多个vp的分层纳什-斯塔克尔伯格博弈模型。在每个VPP中，一个Stackelberg博弈解决了运营商和光伏产消者（PVP）之间的战略互动。在vpp之间，合作纳什议价模型协调联盟的形成。将该问题分解为两个子问题：联盟利益最大化和通过支付议价分配合作剩余，并使用乘数的交替方向方法（ADMM）进行分布式求解。案例研究表明，该策略显著提高了多vpp联盟的经济效率和不确定性弹性。

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引用次数: 0

Empirical analysis of electric vehicle charging load forecasting based on Monte Carlo simulation model 基于蒙特卡罗仿真模型的电动汽车充电负荷预测实证分析

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.12.003

Kun Wei , Guang Tian , Yang Yang , Xufeng Zhang , Yuanying Chi , Yi Zheng

With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles, their charging loads pose new challenges to power grid stability and operational efficiency. To address this, this study employs a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyze the charging load characteristics of six battery electric vehicle categories in Hebei Province, leveraging multi-source probabilistic distribution data under typical operational scenarios. The findings reveal that electric vehicle charging loads are primarily concentrated during midday and nighttime periods, with significant load fluctuations exerting substantial pressure on the grid. In response, this paper proposes strategic interventions including optimized charging infrastructure planning, time-of-use electricity pricing mechanisms, and smart charging technologies to balance grid loads. The results provide a theoretical foundation for electric vehicle load forecasting, smart grid dispatching, and vehicle-grid integration, thereby enhancing grid operational efficiency and sustainability.

随着电动汽车的快速普及，其充电负荷对电网的稳定性和运行效率提出了新的挑战。为此，本研究利用典型运行场景下的多源概率分布数据，采用蒙特卡罗仿真模型对河北省6类纯电动汽车充电负荷特性进行了分析。研究结果表明，电动汽车充电负荷主要集中在中午和夜间时段，负荷波动较大，对电网造成较大压力。为此，本文提出了优化充电基础设施规划、分时电价机制和智能充电技术等战略干预措施，以平衡电网负荷。研究结果为电动汽车负荷预测、智能电网调度和车网一体化提供理论基础，从而提高电网运行效率和可持续性。

引用次数: 0

From carbon reduction to negative carbon: a comprehensive review of regional integrated energy system planning theory and methods 从减碳到负碳：区域综合能源系统规划理论与方法综述

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.11.004

Ruopu Yang, Jia Liu, Mohan Lin, Pingliang Zeng

Driven by the global energy transition and the urgent “dual carbon” goals, regional integrated energy system (RIES) planning is undergoing a paradigm shift from carbon reduction to negative carbon emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the theoretical frameworks and technical pathways for RIES planning from a carbon-centric perspective. A key contribution is the proposed Carbon-Energy-Economy (CEE) triple-dimensional governance framework, which endogenizes carbon factors into planning decisions through emission constraints, trading mechanisms, and capture technologies. We first analyze the fundamental characteristics of RIES and their critical role in achieving carbon neutrality, detailing advancements in multi-energy coupling models, energy router concepts, and standardized energy hub modeling. The paper further explores multi-energy flow analysis methods, and systematically compares the applicability and limitations of various planning algorithms, with emphasis on addressing uncertainties from renewable integration. Finally, we highlight the integration of artificial intelligence with traditional optimization methods, offering new pathways for intelligent, adaptive, and low-carbon RIES planning. This review underscores the transition towards data-physical fusion models, cooperative uncertainty optimization, multi-market planning, and innovative zero/negative-carbon technological routes.

在全球能源转型和迫切需要实现的“双碳”目标的推动下，区域综合能源系统规划正在经历从碳减排到碳负排放的范式转变。本文从以碳为中心的角度，全面回顾了生态系统规划的理论框架和技术途径。一个关键贡献是提出的碳-能源-经济（CEE）三维治理框架，该框架通过排放限制、交易机制和捕获技术将碳因素内化到规划决策中。本文首先分析了能源资源体系的基本特征及其在实现碳中和中的关键作用，详细介绍了多能耦合模型、能源路由器概念和标准化能源枢纽模型的进展。本文进一步探讨了多种能量流分析方法，系统比较了各种规划算法的适用性和局限性，重点解决了可再生能源一体化的不确定性问题。最后，我们强调了人工智能与传统优化方法的融合，为智能、自适应和低碳的RIES规划提供了新的途径。这篇综述强调了向数据-物理融合模型、合作不确定性优化、多市场规划和创新零碳/负碳技术路线的转变。

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引用次数: 0

Coordinated control strategy for hybrid energy storage primary frequency regulation based on improved VMD algorithm and fuzzy neural network 基于改进VMD算法和模糊神经网络的混合储能一次调频协调控制策略

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.09.005

Ping Zhang, Ming Zhi Li, Chang Sheng Jiao

Facing the economic challenges of significant frequency regulation wear and tear on thermal power units and short energy storage lifespan in thermal-energy storage combined systems participating in grid primary frequency regulation (PFR), this paper proposes a novel hybrid energy storage system (HESS) control strategy based on Newton-Raphson optimization algorithm(NRBO)-VMD and a fuzzy neural network (FNN) for PFR. In the primary power allocation stage, the high inertia and slow response of thermal power units prevent them from promptly responding to the high-frequency components of PFR signals, leading to increased mechanical stress. To address the distinct response characteristics of thermal units and HESS, an NRBO-VMD based decomposition method for PFR signals is proposed, enabling a flexible system response to grid frequency deviations.Within the HESS, an adaptive coordinated control strategy and a State of Charge (SOC) self-recovery strategy are introduced. These strategies autonomously adjust the virtual inertia and droop coefficients based on the depth of frequency regulation and the real-time SOC. Furthermore, a FNN is constructed to perform secondary refinement of the internal power distribution within the HESS.Finally, simulations under various operational conditions demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively mitigates frequent power adjustments of the thermal unit during PFR, adaptively achieves optimal power decomposition and distribution, maintains the flywheel energy storage’s SOC within an optimal range, and ensures the long-term stable operation of the HESS.

针对火电机组调频磨损大、储能联合系统参与电网一次调频的经济性挑战，提出了一种基于Newton-Raphson优化算法(NRBO)-VMD和模糊神经网络（FNN）的混合储能系统（HESS）控制策略。在一次功率分配阶段，火电机组的高惯性和慢响应使其无法及时响应PFR信号的高频成分，导致机械应力增大。为了解决热机组和HESS不同的响应特性，提出了一种基于NRBO-VMD的PFR信号分解方法，使系统能够灵活地响应电网频率偏差。在HESS中，引入了自适应协调控制策略和荷电状态自恢复策略。这些策略基于频率调节深度和实时SOC来自主调整虚拟惯性和下垂系数。在此基础上，构建了FNN对HESS内部功率分布进行二次细化。最后，各种运行工况下的仿真结果表明，该策略有效缓解了PFR过程中热机组频繁的功率调整，自适应实现了最优的功率分解和分配，使飞轮储能系统的SOC保持在最优范围内，保证了HESS的长期稳定运行。

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引用次数: 0

Planning model for electro–hydrogen coupling systems for multistage emission reduction and carbon–green-certificate markets 多级减排和碳绿色证书市场电氢耦合系统规划模型

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.09.003

Jingbo Zhao , Zhengping Gao , Tianhui Zhao , Cheng Huang , Zhe Chen , Dajiang Wang

Hydrogen, as a zero-carbon secondary energy carrier, provides a unified pathway for low-carbon energy transformation. In electro–hydrogen coupling systems (EHCSs), surplus renewable power is stored via water electrolysis and later reconverted to electricity using fuel cells or gas turbines, enhancing the system’s flexibility and reliability in support of deep decarbonization. This study constructs an electricity–hydrogen energy-recycling model based on a coupling relationship considering the bidirectional conversion between electricity and hydrogen. A multistage carbon-emission-reduction indicator constraint is also established. Additionally, the green-certificate and carbon trading markets are introduced to optimize equipment investment and operation costs while achieving carbon-emission reduction. A case study reveals that the proposed EHCS planning model effectively allocates carbon emissions across different system stages, while mitigating economic repercussions, thus ensuring closer alignment with China’s emission-reduction policies. Incorporating diverse market mechanisms significantly enhances the system’s economy and decision-making flexibility, particularly in addressing future challenges in the energy market.

氢作为零碳二次能源载体，为低碳能源转型提供了统一的途径。在电氢耦合系统（EHCSs）中，剩余的可再生能源通过水电解储存，然后使用燃料电池或燃气轮机重新转换为电力，从而增强了系统的灵活性和可靠性，支持深度脱碳。考虑电与氢的双向转换，构建了基于耦合关系的电-氢能回收模型。建立了多阶段碳减排指标约束。引入绿色证书和碳交易市场，优化设备投资和运行成本，实现碳减排。案例研究表明，提出的EHCS规划模型有效地将碳排放分配到不同的系统阶段，同时减轻经济影响，从而确保与中国的减排政策更加一致。整合多种市场机制可显著提高体系的经济性和决策灵活性，特别是在应对未来能源市场挑战方面。

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引用次数: 0

A review of hydrogen production and storage technologies for power system integration and applications 电力系统集成制氢和储氢技术及其应用综述

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2026.01.001

Ibrahim B. Mansir , Paul C. Okonkwo , Talal F. Qahtan

The fast-changing trajectory of energy systems toward renewables requires flexible, low-emission technologies that can buffer supply intermittently and offer large-scale energy storage systems. Moreso, hydrogen is increasingly viewed as a multi-scale flexibility resource capable of supporting deep decarbonization in renewable-dominated power systems, yet existing reviews often treat production, storage, and conversion technologies in isolation. Hydrogen offers the ability to convert, store and reconvert energy on various timescales. This review critically analyses the current literature of hydrogen production and storage in relation to power systems integration, synthesizing technical, economic and operational advances. The study synthesizes recent advances in electrolysis, particularly PEM and high-temperature SOEC systems, together with emerging PEC routes, biomass-to-hydrogen processes, and long-duration storage technologies. It considers, for storage, the performance and maturity of compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, metal and complex hydrides, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, and geological formations. Integration studies show that the value of hydrogen is enhanced as the share of renewables increases, providing seasonal storage, grid balancing, and sector coupling via power-to-hydrogen-to-power configurations. Yet technical, economic and other hurdles such as conversion losses, infrastructure requirements, and safety considerations are still holding back widespread implementation. The review also underlines the value of policy frameworks, such as country-level hydrogen strategies, carbon pricing, tax incentives, and harmonized safety standards to speed up adoption and reduce barriers to costs. The review synthesizes offer planners, operators, and policymakers a clear roadmap for aligning hydrogen deployment strategies with evolving technical requirements and high-renewable power-system conditions. By summarizing what is known and discussing opportunities for the future, this review is intended to be a roadmap towards maximizing hydrogen in reaching a flexible, resilient and carbon free power system.

能源系统向可再生能源的快速发展需要灵活、低排放的技术，这些技术可以缓冲间歇性供应，并提供大规模的能源存储系统。此外，氢越来越被视为一种多尺度的灵活性资源，能够支持可再生能源主导的电力系统的深度脱碳，然而现有的评论通常将生产、储存和转换技术分开对待。氢提供了在不同时间尺度上转换、储存和再转换能量的能力。这篇综述批判性地分析了与电力系统集成、综合技术、经济和操作进步有关的氢生产和储存的现有文献。该研究综合了电解的最新进展，特别是PEM和高温SOEC系统，以及新兴的PEC路线，生物质制氢工艺和长期储存技术。它考虑了压缩气体、液态氢、金属和复杂氢化物、液态有机氢载体和地质构造的储存性能和成熟度。整合研究表明，随着可再生能源份额的增加，氢的价值得到增强，通过电力-氢-电力配置提供季节性存储、电网平衡和部门耦合。然而，技术、经济和其他障碍，如转换损失、基础设施要求和安全考虑，仍然阻碍了广泛实施。该评估还强调了政策框架的价值，如国家级氢能战略、碳定价、税收激励和统一的安全标准，以加快采用和减少成本障碍。该报告为规划人员、运营商和政策制定者提供了明确的路线图，以使氢部署战略与不断发展的技术要求和高可再生能源系统条件保持一致。通过总结已知情况并讨论未来的机会，本综述旨在为实现氢能最大化，以实现灵活、有弹性和无碳的电力系统提供路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in proton exchange membranes for wide-temperature-range fuel cells 宽温度范围燃料电池用质子交换膜的研究进展

IF 2.6 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS

Global Energy Interconnection

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloei.2025.12.002

Yunjie Yang , Junxin Chen , Sai Liu , Xiang Ao , Haoliang Feng , Le Shi

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) play a central role in determining the efficiency, durability, and operational flexibility of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, conventional PEMs exhibit strong temperature-dependent proton-transport behavior, which limits their ability to support both rapid start-up at low temperatures and stable operation at elevated temperatures. Water-mediated PEMs show excellent conductivity under low-temperature and high-humidity conditions but suffer from dehydration and structural instability in the high-temperature regime. In contrast, water-independent PEMs, particularly phosphoric-acid-doped systems, conduct protons efficiently under anhydrous high-temperature conditions yet experience acid leaching that hampers room-temperature start-up and long-term durability. This review summarizes the fundamental proton-transport mechanisms that govern temperature-dependent performance and discusses recent advances in materials design aimed at enabling wide-temperature-range PEM operation. For water-mediated membranes, strategies such as incorporating hydrophilic fillers, constructing confined hydrophilic domains, and introducing additional proton-transfer sites have been developed to mitigate water loss and stabilize proton conduction. For water-independent membranes, approaches including strengthening polymer–acid interactions, engineering nanoscale confinement, designing multilayer architectures, and constructing multi–proton-carrier networks effectively improve acid retention and broaden operational temperature windows. Emerging fixed-carrier systems based on phosphonic-acid-grafted polymers, metal–organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks offer new pathways for stable anhydrous proton conduction across a wide temperature range. We conclude by outlining key challenges and future research opportunities, including reducing the dependence on volatile or leachable proton carriers, developing adaptive nanochannel architectures, improving anhydrous high-temperature conduction, and establishing scalable membrane fabrication methods. Continued innovation in these directions is expected to enable next-generation wide-temperature-range PEMs capable of flexible, high-efficiency operation from sub-zero to high-temperature conditions.

质子交换膜（PEM）在决定质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）的效率、耐用性和操作灵活性方面发挥着核心作用。然而，传统的pem表现出强烈的温度依赖质子输运行为，这限制了它们在低温下快速启动和在高温下稳定运行的能力。水介导的PEMs在低温高湿条件下表现出优异的导电性，但在高温条件下存在脱水和结构不稳定的问题。相比之下，不依赖水的PEMs，特别是磷酸掺杂系统，在无水高温条件下可以有效地传导质子，但会经历酸浸，这不利于室温启动和长期耐用性。本文总结了控制温度依赖性能的基本质子传输机制，并讨论了旨在实现宽温度范围PEM操作的材料设计的最新进展。对于水介导的膜，诸如掺入亲水性填料、构建受限亲水性结构域和引入额外的质子转移位点等策略已经被开发出来，以减轻水分损失和稳定质子传导。对于不依赖水的膜，包括加强聚合物-酸相互作用、工程纳米尺度约束、设计多层结构和构建多质子载流子网络等方法可以有效地改善酸潴留和拓宽操作温度窗口。新兴的基于膦酸接枝聚合物、金属有机框架和共价有机框架的固定载流子体系为在宽温度范围内稳定无水质子传导提供了新的途径。最后，我们概述了关键挑战和未来的研究机会，包括减少对挥发性或可浸出质子载体的依赖，开发自适应纳米通道架构，改进无水高温传导，建立可扩展的膜制造方法。这些方向的持续创新有望使下一代宽温度范围的PEMs能够在零下到高温条件下灵活高效地运行。

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引用次数: 0