影响妇女政治参与的制度因素

IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0310
Vera Heuer, Gabriela Rangel
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引用次数: 1

摘要

几十年来,女性一直被排除在政治舞台之外。随着选举权在世界范围内的扩大,妇女权利活动人士庆祝在政治舞台上迈向性别平等的重要一步。然而,政治参与方面的性别差距至今仍然存在。虽然在一些国家,现在发现妇女的投票率与男子相当(在工业化国家,妇女的投票率甚至可能更高),但她们参加许多其他类型的政治活动的可能性仍然较小。长期以来,学者们一直在研究影响女性政治参与的因素。早期的研究主要集中在个人层面的因素——最常见的是缺乏资源或非正式网络——作为性别差距的决定因素。然而,越来越多的文献指出,制度是影响妇女政治参与的一个重要因素。因此,本参考书目集中于妇女政治参与的制度决定因素,即非精英妇女参与的任何类型的政治活动。这包括投票、参与竞选、参与示威或抗议,但也包括更多的认知方面的参与,如政治兴趣和政治知识。本参考书目并不关注制度对妇女获得或选举政治职位的影响,因为有大量关于制度决定因素和妇女代表权的文献,这超出了妇女作为非国家行为者参与的范围。然而,这里概述的研究确实考虑了影响女性参与的各种制度因素。参考书目首先回顾了有关政治制度结构(包括政权类型、选举规则和配额)如何影响妇女参与的文献。然后,通过审查机构构成对妇女参与的影响,讨论机构如何间接影响妇女的政治态度和行为。本节之后是一组研究,说明制度成果——即政策成果和制度支持——如何影响各种形式的政治参与,并以非国家机构的例子及其对妇女参与的影响作为结束语。
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Institutional Factors Affecting Women’s Political Engagement
For decades, women were actively excluded from the political arena. As suffrage expanded around the world, women’s rights activists celebrated a major step toward gender equality in the political arena. Yet the gender gap in political engagement still persists to this day. Although in some countries, women are now found to turn out to vote at rates similar to men (and in industrialized countries, women may even vote at higher rates), they are still less likely to participate in many other types of political activities. Scholars have long investigated the factors influencing women’s political engagement. Early research focused heavily on individual level factors—most often lack of access to resources or informal networks—as determinants of the gender gap. A burgeoning body of literature, however, has identified institutions as an important factor influencing women’s political engagement. Thus this bibliography focuses on those institutional determinants of women’s political engagement defined as any type of political activity that nonelite women take part in. This includes voting, participating in campaigns, and engaging in demonstrations or protests, but also more cognitive aspects of engagement, such as political interest and political knowledge. This bibliography does not focus on the impact of institutions on women’s access or election into political office, as there is extensive literature on institutional determinants and women’s representation, which falls outside of the scope of women’s engagement as nonstate actors. The research outlined here, however, does consider a variety of institutional factors that influence women’s engagement. The bibliography begins by reviewing the literature on how the structures of the political system—including Regime Type, electoral rules, and quotas—impact women’s engagement. It then discusses how institutions can indirectly influence women’s political attitudes and behavior, by reviewing the impact of the composition of institutions on women’s engagement. That section is followed by a set of research that shows how institutional outcomes—namely Policy Outcomes and Institutional Support—influence various forms of political participation, and concludes with examples of nonstate institutions and their impact on women’s engagement.
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来源期刊
Political Science
Political Science POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: Political Science publishes high quality original scholarly works in the broad field of political science. Submission of articles with a regional focus on New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific is particularly encouraged, but content is not limited to this focus. Contributions are invited from across the political science discipline, including from the fields of international relations, comparative politics, political theory and public administration. Proposals for collections of articles on a common theme or debate to be published as special issues are welcome, as well as individual submissions.
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