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{"title":"页岩热成熟引起的CO2引起的变化:对CO2利用和储存的影响","authors":"Chioma Onwumelu, Oladoyin Kolawole, Imene Bouchakour, Ogochukwu Ozotta, Stephan Nordeng, Moones Alamooti","doi":"10.1002/ghg.2243","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shales have low to ultra-low porosity and permeability, which makes them an attractive candidate for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization during CO<sub>2</sub>-enhanced oil recovery (CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR) or for geologic CO<sub>2</sub> storage (GCS). Shale are source rocks, and thus, there is a continuous induced diagenetic process that can alter their properties as they reaches maturity at greater in situ temperature. However, there are significant knowledge gaps in the possibility of CO<sub>2</sub> utilization during this diagenetic process (thermal maturation) to achieve long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage. This experimental study investigates the potential for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization in shale due to induced thermal maturation at in situ conditions, and the implications of pre-maturation CO<sub>2</sub> injection in shale for GCS and CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR. Here, we used subsurface hydrocarbon-rich Bakken and Green River shales exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> for a specific period. This is followed by inducing the unexposed and CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed shales to thermal maturity. Subsequently, we evaluated the total organic carbon (TOC), liberated hydrocarbons (<i>S</i><sub>2</sub>), and the mineralogical and mechanical properties of the mature and CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed mature shales. We further assessed the implications of CO<sub>2</sub> utilization and storage in thermally matured Bakken and Green River shales for long-term storage or CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR. The results indicate that if CO<sub>2</sub> is injected into shales before attaining maturity, higher hydrocarbon production and more significant mechanical weakness can be expected when they attain maturity in Bakken shales (+30% liberated hydrocarbons; −31% Young's modulus; −34% hardness) and Green Rivers shales (+8% liberated hydrocarbons; −40% Young's modulus; −30% hardness), and this is relative to Bakken and Green River shales without CO<sub>2</sub> injection before attaining thermal maturity. Further, CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed mature Bakken and Green River shales can alter the minerals in shales with the dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of calcite, which promotes mineral trapping and achieve a lower TOC (Bakken shale = −24%; Green River shale = −26%), and this is relative to Bakken and Green River shales without CO<sub>2</sub> injection before attaining maturity. Analyses of the results suggest that the application of this proposed CO<sub>2</sub> injection and utilization in immature shales could access more excellent CO<sub>2</sub>-storage reservoirs in Bakken and Green River shales without waiting for a more extended period for the shales to become viable and mature, which is the case with the present GCS and CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR operations in shale reservoirs globally. Also, our proposed pre-maturation CO<sub>2</sub> injection could rejuvenate mature shales for increased hydrocarbon production through CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR, yield a greater sealing efficiency, and mitigate leakage risks for long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage. The results from this study provide novel insights that can advance CO<sub>2</sub> utilization for future GCS and/or CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR in immature Bakken and Green River shales while at the same time providing an immediate and viable option for storage by depleting atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to meet the global net-zero by 2050. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":12796,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"CO2-Induced alterations due to thermal maturation in shale: Implications for CO2 utilization and storage\",\"authors\":\"Chioma Onwumelu, Oladoyin Kolawole, Imene Bouchakour, Ogochukwu Ozotta, Stephan Nordeng, Moones Alamooti\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ghg.2243\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Shales have low to ultra-low porosity and permeability, which makes them an attractive candidate for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization during CO<sub>2</sub>-enhanced oil recovery (CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR) or for geologic CO<sub>2</sub> storage (GCS). Shale are source rocks, and thus, there is a continuous induced diagenetic process that can alter their properties as they reaches maturity at greater in situ temperature. However, there are significant knowledge gaps in the possibility of CO<sub>2</sub> utilization during this diagenetic process (thermal maturation) to achieve long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage. This experimental study investigates the potential for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization in shale due to induced thermal maturation at in situ conditions, and the implications of pre-maturation CO<sub>2</sub> injection in shale for GCS and CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR. Here, we used subsurface hydrocarbon-rich Bakken and Green River shales exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> for a specific period. This is followed by inducing the unexposed and CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed shales to thermal maturity. Subsequently, we evaluated the total organic carbon (TOC), liberated hydrocarbons (<i>S</i><sub>2</sub>), and the mineralogical and mechanical properties of the mature and CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed mature shales. We further assessed the implications of CO<sub>2</sub> utilization and storage in thermally matured Bakken and Green River shales for long-term storage or CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR. The results indicate that if CO<sub>2</sub> is injected into shales before attaining maturity, higher hydrocarbon production and more significant mechanical weakness can be expected when they attain maturity in Bakken shales (+30% liberated hydrocarbons; −31% Young's modulus; −34% hardness) and Green Rivers shales (+8% liberated hydrocarbons; −40% Young's modulus; −30% hardness), and this is relative to Bakken and Green River shales without CO<sub>2</sub> injection before attaining thermal maturity. Further, CO<sub>2</sub>-exposed mature Bakken and Green River shales can alter the minerals in shales with the dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of calcite, which promotes mineral trapping and achieve a lower TOC (Bakken shale = −24%; Green River shale = −26%), and this is relative to Bakken and Green River shales without CO<sub>2</sub> injection before attaining maturity. Analyses of the results suggest that the application of this proposed CO<sub>2</sub> injection and utilization in immature shales could access more excellent CO<sub>2</sub>-storage reservoirs in Bakken and Green River shales without waiting for a more extended period for the shales to become viable and mature, which is the case with the present GCS and CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR operations in shale reservoirs globally. Also, our proposed pre-maturation CO<sub>2</sub> injection could rejuvenate mature shales for increased hydrocarbon production through CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR, yield a greater sealing efficiency, and mitigate leakage risks for long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage. The results from this study provide novel insights that can advance CO<sub>2</sub> utilization for future GCS and/or CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR in immature Bakken and Green River shales while at the same time providing an immediate and viable option for storage by depleting atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to meet the global net-zero by 2050. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12796,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-09-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ghg.2243\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENERGY & FUELS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ghg.2243","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}
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