The structural and functional dynamics of vitamin D and its receptor with their associated genes targeting diseases

Globally, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is increasing, with well-known impacts on calcium metabolism and bone health. It appears attractive to hypothesize that the exocrine and endocrine system of vitamin D (VD) has effects towards skin, intestine, bone and skeletal muscles. Therefore, there have been a number of casual or risk factors demonstrated previously against VDD. Such proposition fits with wide variety of activity on the nuclear receptor and their family members. Therefore, the deprived VD status has been related to various health problems in humans, associated with a number of diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, arthritis, obesity, diabetes, immunity, and cardiovascular diseases etc. The VDD is become very common in our day-to-day life; and the prevalence rate showed US, Canada, Europe, India, Tunisia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan were found to be the top VDD countries worldwide. Whilst, this review collated the reported role of VD and vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its possible mechanism targeting various disease.