Planning Standards and Spatial (in)Justice

fl ood resilient spatial planning in two case studies in the Netherlands. In the Dutch Multi-Layer Safety concept, fl ood resilient spatial planning is considered as the second layer in between direct fl ood protection ( fi rst layer) and crisis management (third layer). The paper provides a useful practice-informed framework to assess fl ood resilient spatial planning from the spatial-physical and institu-tional-organizational dimensions. The authors argue that as maximum fl ood depths in deltaic and coastal areas in the Netherlands are generally very deep, there is a limit to fl ood resilient spatial planning, especially when fi nancial resources and cost-bene fi t analysis are considered. Comparatively speaking, the institutional barriers such as raising awareness, enhancing collaboration or concerted responsibilities to fl ood resilient spatial planning are more surmountable and may create synergy with other aspects of urban developments. the heterogeneity of “ public interests ” involved when a government plays a “ hybrid ” role (as an entrepreneur as well as a regulator) to transact or contract with the private sector. Their case study is the Dutch state selling Amsterdam ’ s Bijlmer prison. They conclude that “ subjective, pragmatic and context-speci fi c choices ” made by the involved parties are crucial to balance the dilemma of prioritising fi nancial revenue or social value, organising a private transaction or a public tender, and choosing fl exibility or certainty.