Air-sea flux and SST variability associated with atmospheric rivers in the southeast Indian Ocean

A previous study demonstrated that atmospheric rivers (ARs) generate substantial air-sea fluxes in the northeast Pacific. Since the southeast Indian Ocean is one of the active regions of ARs, similar air-sea fluxes could be produced. However, the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) in the southeast Indian Ocean, especially along the west coast of Australia, is different from that in the northeast Pacific because of the poleward flowing Leeuwin Current, which may cause different air-sea fluxes. This study investigates AR-associated air-sea fluxes in the southeast Indian Ocean and their relation with SST variability. The large-scale spatial pattern of latent heat flux (evaporation) associated with ARs in the southeast Indian Ocean is similar to that in the northeast Pacific. A significant difference is however found near the coastal area where relatively warm SSTs are maintained in all seasons. While AR-induced latent heat flux is close to zero around the west coast of North America where the equatorward flowing coastal current and upwelling generate relatively cold SSTs, a significant latent heat flux induced by ARs is evident along the west coast of Australia due to the relatively warm surface waters. Temporal variations of coastal air-sea fluxes associated with landfalling ARs are investigated based on the composite analysis. While the moisture advection reduces the latent heat during landfalling, the reduction of air humidity with strong winds enhances large evaporative cooling (latent heat flux) after a few days of the landfalling. A significant SST cooling along the coast is found due to the enhanced latent heat flux.