An alternative geoid model for Africa using the shallow-layer method

The aim of the current investigation is to determine an alternative geoid model for Africa using the shallow-layer method. The shallow-layer method, following the basic definition of the geoid, differs essentially from the traditional geoid determination techniques (Stokes and Molodensky) that it doesn’t need real gravity data. It comes from the definition of the geoid. Here, the shallow-layer method is used to determine a 5′ × 5′ geoid model for Africa covering the latitudes between ?36°N and 39°N and longitudes from ?20°E to 53°E The Earth Gravitational Model (EGM2008), the global topographic model (DTM2006.0), the global crustal model (CRUST1.0) and the Danish National Space Center data set (DNSC08) global models have been used to construct and define the shallow layer and its interior structure. A combination of prism and tesseroid modelling methods have been utilized to determine the gravitational potential produced by the shallow-layer masses. The validation and tests of the computed shallow-layer geoid have been done at two different levels. First, a comparison between the computed shallow-layer geoid and the recently developed AFRgeo2019 gravimetric geoid for Africa (based on real gravity data) has been carried out. Second, a comparison of the computed shallow-layer geoid with several geoid models computed using different global geopotential models has been performed. The results show that the computed shallow-layer geoid behaves similarly to those determined by the global geopotential models. Differences between the shallow-layer and the AFRgeo2019 gravimetric geoids are generally small (below 0.5 m) at most of the African continent