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Supervision of seismic velocity models of the Reykjanes Peninsula Rift, SW Iceland
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-024-1221-1
Bohuslav Růžek, Jana Doubravová, Josef Horálek

Most methods for processing seismological data require a suitable velocity model characteristic for the given region being defined. This is also the case of the Reykjanes Peninsula in SW Iceland, where the REYKJANET seismic network was built to monitor local seismicity in the rift zone. At present, four previously published 1D velocity models (SIL, BRA, TRY and VOG) can potentially be used, prompting us to determine which one is the best. In order to address this issue, we arranged a contest in which all four 1D models and one additional 3D model (T3D) were entered. Uniform methodology for classifying the models was applied and included an analysis of: (i) post-1ocalization travel-time residuals, (ii) residuals of the P-wave first-motion incidence angle and (iii) model-predicted and measured Rayleigh-wave dispersion. We discovered that no single model was unequivocally the most optimal, as the differences between them proved rather minor. A common shortcoming of all the models is the bias of the P-wave first motion incidence angle residuals, which may be a general problem for methods working with P-wave amplitudes (e.g., moment tensor solutions). The VOG model was selected with a weak preference. Finally, we propose a simple method for modifying any of the 1D models by adding a station-dependent surface layer with a vertical velocity gradient. This way, a pseudo-3D model is generated which is fully competitive with a true 3D model while retaining the simplicity of 1D ray tracing. The efficiency of this correction was demonstrated using the VOG model. The corrected VOG model provides post-1ocalization residuals comparable with the true 3D model T3D, has zero bias in predicting the P-wave first-motion incidence angles, and agrees acceptably in predicting the Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity known from other sources. While calculations with a 3D model can be clumsy, the proposed pseudo-3D model is defined by few parameters and is very easy to use. Its applicability is limited to earthquake sources deeper than the deepest lower limit of the topmost layer below the stations.

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引用次数: 0
An optimized high-order finite-difference approach based on the staggered-grid cell for seismic wavefield extrapolation
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-024-0123-6
Shigang Xu, Xingguo Huang, Li Han, Qianzong Bao

Staggered-grid finite-difference (SGFD) approaches are universally applied to discretize different seismic-wave equations during wavefield extrapolation. However, the traditional SGFDs may encounter numerical dispersion error and instability owing to the limited approximation accuracy. To increase the simulated accuracy, we develop an optimized SGFD with high-order accuracy based on the orthogonal-octahedral operator for 3D scalar-wave modeling. Compared with the standard orthogonal-octahedral approach, the modified approach has smaller computing cost because we reduce the SGFD stencil. In addition, the corresponding time-space domain dispersion relation is beneficial to generate the least-square-based optimized high-order SGFD coefficients. Dispersion and stability comparsions show that the developed algorithm has better performance than the classical methods. Several simulated experiments verify that the proposed scheme can significantly suppress numerical dispersion in time and space domain and effectively improve the simulated accuracy and efficiency. In conclusion, the developed scheme can provide a reliable wavefield extrapolation tool for seismic imaging and inversion.

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引用次数: 0
Non-stationary multichannel spectral inversion of seismic data
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-023-0309-3
Yaoguang Sun, Siyuan Cao, Yuxin Su, Jie Zhou, Zhenshuo Ma

Spectral inversion, based on the odd-even decomposition principle of reflectivity, used the relationship between seismic data and wavelet amplitude spectrum to establish the inversion equation and achieve resolution-enhancement processing. Compared with deconvolution based on the L2 norm, the odd and even components of reflectivity using spectral inversion can weaken the tuning effect, identify thin layers, and obtain data with higher resolution. However, most post-stack seismic data are non-stationary, i.e., attenuation of amplitude, phase, and frequency with time exists. We derived a resolution-enhancement algorithm of non-stationary seismic data with quality factor Q based on the short-time Fourier transform. Due to the instability of the spectral inversion algorithm, the lateral continuity of the obtained result is poor. Therefore, we proposed a multichannel spectral inversion algorithm with lateral constraints. The algorithm inherits the high-resolution characteristics of spectral inversion and effectively enhances lateral continuity. Applications to model and field data sets show that the proposed L2 norm-based non-stationary multichannel spectral inversion method can be effectively applied to the resolution-improvement processing of non-stationary seismic data.

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引用次数: 0
Reanalysis of historical earthquakes to improve seismic hazard assessment: Case study of the 1880 Zagreb (Croatia) earthquake
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-024-0820-1
Snježana Markušić, Davor Stanko, Ivica Sović, Marijan Kovačić, Bruno Mravlja, Iva Žilić

The earthquake of 9 November 1880 was one of the most important moments in the seismic history of Zagreb (Croatia). It is the strongest earthquake to have occurred in the greater Zagreb area, and as such it defines the seismic hazard in northwestern Croatia, the most populated part of the country. The main objective of this study was to reanalyze the location and magnitude of the earthquake, the input parameters which are crucial for a better assessment of seismic hazard, as there were macroseismic indications that the previous assessments should be revised. In addition, the strongest aftershock occurred two days after the main event, so it can be assumed that the observed intensities were caused by the cumulative effect of these two events. Therefore, a new isoseismal map was created, synthetic macroseismic modelling was performed and additional geophysical and microtremor measurements were taken. Based on all the information collected, the attempt to separate the effects of the strongest aftershock from the effects of the mainshock (to avoid a cumulative effect), a new assessment of the location of the epicentre of the main 1880 earthquake in Zagreb and its magnitude was made. When it comes to historical earthquakes, from a seismological point of view, even small improvements in the definition of the main seismological parameters of an earthquake significant for a given area are very important - for a better understanding of the geodynamics of the area, the earthquake mechanism and the spatial distribution of damage after the earthquake, as well as for the consistent assessment of seismic hazard and thus risk.

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引用次数: 0
Present-day crustal deformation based on an interpolated GPS velocity field in the collision zone of the Arabia-Eurasia tectonic plates 基于阿拉伯-欧亚大陆板块碰撞带全球定位系统插值速度场的现今地壳形变
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-023-0740-5
Asghar Rastbood, Milad Salmanian, Masoud Mashhadi Hossainali

The oblique collision zone of Arabia-Eurasia is a seismically active region with complex crustal deformation patterns. While GPS measurements provide valuable data, their sparse distribution limits our understanding of the full extent of deformation. This study addresses this limitation by using a robust interpolation method for GPS velocity data in the collision zone. We utilized biharmonic splines to interpolate horizontal components of sparse GPS velocity data independently and in a coupled manner by altering Poisson ratio. This method is an effective means of interpolating sparse vector data in cases where deformation mechanics can be explained by elasticity principles. The interpolation process included fitting trends to the input data, calculating residuals, and analyzing them. The prediction process consisted of trend and spline fitting stages. We interpolate horizontal GPS velocities onto a standard geographic grid with a 30-minute interval, excluding data points with significant deviation. The data was partitioned into training and testing subsets, with the training set used for calibration and the testing set for evaluation of the interpolation method. Our analysis revealed an irregular spatial distribution of crustal movement. The northern component of the velocity field consistently points towards Eurasia and is greater than the eastern component. The amplitude of the northern component decreases from south to north and from west to east, indicating variations in deformation intensity. The eastern component exhibits a change in direction, moving westward in the western half of Iran and eastward in the eastern half, with a reversed trend in the north. This change in direction highlights the presence of solid blocks within the collision zone. Undeformed regions, major faults, convergence deformation, and compressing high-elevation regions are also observed in the collision zone. These findings provide a detailed picture of present-day crustal deformation in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, enhancing our understanding of the collision process.

阿拉伯-欧亚大陆斜向碰撞带是一个地震活跃地区,地壳变形模式复杂。虽然全球定位系统测量提供了宝贵的数据,但其稀疏的分布限制了我们对形变全部范围的了解。本研究通过对碰撞区的 GPS 速度数据采用稳健的内插法来解决这一局限性。我们利用双谐波曲线对稀疏的 GPS 速度数据的水平分量进行独立插值,并通过改变泊松比对其进行耦合插值。在变形力学可以用弹性原理解释的情况下,这种方法是对稀疏矢量数据进行插值的有效手段。插值过程包括对输入数据进行趋势拟合、计算残差和分析。预测过程包括趋势和样条拟合阶段。我们将全球定位系统的水平速度插值到标准地理网格上,间隔时间为 30 分钟,排除了有明显偏差的数据点。数据分为训练和测试子集,训练集用于校准,测试集用于评估插值方法。我们的分析表明,地壳运动的空间分布不规则。速度场的北部分量始终指向欧亚大陆,且大于东部分量。北部分量的振幅自南向北和自西向东逐渐减小,显示了变形强度的变化。东部分量的方向发生了变化,在伊朗的西半部向西移动,在东半部向东移动,在北部的趋势相反。这种方向的变化凸显了碰撞区内固体块的存在。在碰撞带还观察到未变形区域、主要断层、汇聚变形和压缩高海拔区域。这些发现提供了阿拉伯-欧亚大陆碰撞带当今地壳变形的详细情况,加深了我们对碰撞过程的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of GOCE/GRACE and combined global geopotential models using GNSS/levelling data over Nigeria
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-023-0804-6
Michael Bako, Basem Elsaka, Jürgen Kusche, Luciana Fenoglio-Marc

Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) provide valuable information about Earth’s gravity field functionals, such as geoid heights and gravity anomalies. However, ground-based datasets are required to validate these GGMs at the regional and local scales. In this study, we validated the accuracy of GGMs by comparing them with ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/levelling data for the first time in Nigeria. We employed two validation scenarios: with and without considering spectral consistency using the spectral enhancement method (SEM) to incorporate high and very high frequencies of the gravity field spectrum from the combined global gravity field model (XGM2019e_2159) and the residual terrain model (RTM) derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, respectively. The results of this evaluation confirmed that the application of SEM improved the assessment of the GGM solutions in an unbiased manner. Integrating XGM2019e_2159 and SRTM data to constrain the high-frequency component of geoid heights in Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE)-based GGMs led to an improvement of approximately 10% in reducing the standard deviation (STD) relative to when SEM was not applied. GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R6 at spherical harmonics (SH) of up to degree and order 260 demonstrated the lowest STD when compared to GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R6 and GO_CONS_GCF_2_SPW_R5, with a reduction from 0.380 m without SEM application to 0.342 m with SEM implementation. In addition, four transformation models, namely, linear, four-parameter, five-parameter, and seven-parameter models, were evaluated. The objective is to mitigate the reference system offsets between the GNSS/levelling data and the GGMs and to identify the particular parametric model with the smallest STD across all GGMs. This effort reduced the GGMs misfits to GNSS/levelling to 0.30 m, representing a 15.3% decrease in STD. Notably, the XGM2019e_2159 model provides this improvement.

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引用次数: 0
The area of rhumb polygons 菱形多边形的面积
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-024-0709-z
Charles F. F. Karney

The formula for the area of a rhumb polygon, a polygon whose edges are rhumb lines on an ellipsoid of revolution, is derived and a method is given for computing the area accurately. This paper also points out that standard methods for computing rhumb lines give inaccurate results for nearly east- or west-going lines; this problem is remedied by the systematic use of divided differences.

本文推导了菱形多边形的面积公式,并给出了精确计算面积的方法。菱形多边形是指边缘为旋转椭圆体上的菱形线的多边形。本文还指出,对于近东或近西的直线,标准的计算方法得出的结果并不准确;这个问题可以通过系统地使用分差来解决。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption on precipitable water vapor and atmospheric particles analysed using GNSS and remote sensing 利用全球导航卫星系统和遥感技术分析 2021 年坎布雷维埃哈火山爆发对可降水水汽和大气颗粒的影响
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-023-0241-6
Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi, Arizal Bawasir, Syachrul Arief, Amien Widodo, Eko Yuli Handoko, Putra Maulida, Saiful Aman Hj Sulaiman, Amir Sharifuddin Ab Latip, Zambri Harun

The eruption of Mount Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Spain, on 19th September 2021 released large amounts of gas and volcanic ash into the atmosphere that spread over hundreds of kilometers. Subsequently, the volumes of gaseous, and water vapor components in the troposphere were highly disturbed. In general, the release of a large amount of water vapor during an eruption increases the value of path delay and vertical column density of SO2. Therefore, this study analyzed their variations to determine the impact of eruption. The precise point positioning on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation data were processed to obtain zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) contents, while Sentinel 5P, and MODIS remote sensing imagery were used to determine SO2 column density, aerosol index, and surface temperature. Moreover, time series and correlation analysis were computed to analyze the effect of the eruption and the relationship between GNSS and remote sensing parameters. Our findings showed that the variations in precipitable water vapor affected the ZTD value for three GNSS stations around the eruption point, showing a correlation value above 0.98. Meanwhile, the remote sensing data indicated that the SO2 content peaked at the end of September and in October 2021. Similarly, tropospheric delay, and water vapor had the highest fluctuations and increases in the early eruption period. However, the lower atmosphere layer was generally influenced by the autumn climate. The content of particles released into the atmosphere during eruption had minor effect in the middle to the end of the eruption period as rainfall events led to an increase in water vapor. The surface temperature was found to be characterized mostly by autumn condition but showed fluctuations and increased values in the early period of the eruption.

2021 年 9 月 19 日,西班牙拉帕尔马的坎布雷维埃哈火山喷发,释放出大量气体和火山灰进入大气层,并蔓延数百公里。随后,对流层中的气体和水蒸气成分的体积受到严重干扰。一般来说,火山爆发时释放的大量水汽会增加二氧化硫的路径延迟值和垂直柱密度。因此,本研究分析了它们的变化,以确定喷发的影响。通过对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)观测数据的精确点定位处理,获得了天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)和可降水水汽含量(PWV),同时利用哨兵5P和MODIS遥感图像确定了二氧化硫柱密度、气溶胶指数和地表温度。此外,还计算了时间序列和相关分析,以分析火山爆发的影响以及全球导航卫星系统和遥感参数之间的关系。研究结果表明,可降水水汽的变化影响了喷发点周围三个全球导航卫星系统站的 ZTD 值,相关值在 0.98 以上。同时,遥感数据表明,二氧化硫含量在 2021 年 9 月底和 10 月达到峰值。同样,对流层延迟和水蒸气在喷发初期的波动和增加最大。然而,大气低层总体上受到秋季气候的影响。喷发期间释放到大气中的颗粒物含量在喷发期的中后期影响较小,因为降雨事件导致水汽增加。地表温度主要受秋季气候影响,但在喷发初期会出现波动和升高。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of the minimal detectable horizontal acceleration of GNSS CORS 估算全球导航卫星系统 CORS 的最小可探测水平加速度
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-023-0646-2
Renan Rodrigues Toledo Costa, Ivandro Klein, Eliel Jessé Morais De Jesus Junior, Christian Gonzalo Pilapanta Amagua, Paulo Sergio De Oliveira Junior

Earth’s surface velocities are routinely extracted from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position time series. In addition to velocity estimates, acceleration may be a crucial parameter for modeling non-linear motion. Typically, a statistical hypothesis test is employed to evaluate the significance of the involved parameters and guide the selection of the appropriate model. In this contribution, we formulate a statistical test procedure from the generalized likelihood ratio test to analyze the significance of the acceleration in the model. The proposed procedure is compared with results obtained using the Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. Additionally, Minimal Detectable Horizontal Acceleration is provided as an indicator of the sensitivity of the acceleration detection. The GNSS time series of position estimates from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory were used for this study. The experiments demonstrated a good agreement between the statistical test proposed and the information criteria approach. Therefore, the proposed statistical test may be another criterion to help the user in the important task of model selection.

地球表面速度通常是从全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)位置时间序列中提取的。除速度估计值外,加速度也可能是非线性运动建模的关键参数。通常情况下,采用统计假设检验来评估相关参数的重要性,并指导选择适当的模型。在本文中,我们从广义似然比检验中提出了一种统计检验程序,用于分析模型中加速度的显著性。建议的程序与使用 Akaike 信息准则和贝叶斯信息准则得出的结果进行了比较。此外,还提供了最小可检测水平加速度作为加速度检测灵敏度的指标。本研究使用了内华达大地测量实验室的全球导航卫星系统位置估计时间序列。实验结果表明,所提出的统计测试与信息标准方法之间具有良好的一致性。因此,提出的统计检验可能是帮助用户完成模型选择这一重要任务的另一个标准。
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引用次数: 0
Geophysical structure of a local area in the lunar Oceanus Procellarum region investigated using the gravity gradient method 利用重力梯度法研究月球前星际大洋区域局部地区的地球物理结构
IF 0.5 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11200-024-0502-z
Shaofeng Bian, Zhourun Ye, Xinghui Liang, Lintao Liu, Jinzhao Liu

Compared to gravity method, the gravity gradient has multi-component advantages and can emphasize short wavelength features. By providing more detailed features in the image display, it could present a more accurate determination of the spatial distribution of the underling anomaly body. In our study, based on the gravity gradient data that was synthesized from the high-precision gravity model from Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission, we analyzed the tectonic structure of the Moon’s shallow layers in Oceanus Procellarum region. Bouguer anomalies of gravity gradient are used for geological boundary recognition and three-dimensional density inversion. Theta Map method is adopted for the edge identification of geological structures. It fully utilizes the characteristics of multi-components combination of gravity gradient to sharpen the boundaries identification of abnormal bodies. During the density inversion, in order to decrease the non-unique solution problem, the depth weight constraint is added to the inversion equation. Furthermore, the method of wavelet coefficient compression and Least Squares QR-decomposition is applied to accelerate the inverse calculation of large ill-conditioned equations. According to the result illustration, we found that: 1) The combination of gravity tensors has a strong boundary recognition ability in the horizontal direction. There is close consistency with the results of density inversion. 2) Our study supports the expansion and intrusion hypothesis of lunar magma in the research zone of Oceanus Procellarum, since the distribution of density tomography results at different depths is higher than the normal assumed crust density of the Moon in the majority of areas. Moreover, the intrusion source in our research area is concentrated at a direction depth of 30–45 km below the mean lunar radius surface approximately.

与重力法相比,重力梯度法具有多分量优势,并能突出短波长特征。在图像显示中提供更详细的特征,可以更准确地确定底层异常体的空间分布。在我们的研究中,根据重力恢复和内部实验室任务的高精度重力模型合成的重力梯度数据,我们分析了 Procellarum 海洋区域月球浅层的构造结构。重力梯度布格尔异常用于地质边界识别和三维密度反演。采用 Theta Map 方法进行地质结构边缘识别。它充分利用了重力梯度多分量组合的特点,使异常体的边界识别更加清晰。在密度反演过程中,为了减少非唯一解问题,在反演方程中加入了深度权重约束。此外,还采用了小波系数压缩和最小二乘 QR 分解的方法,以加速大型非条件方程的反演计算。根据结果说明,我们发现1) 重力张量组合在水平方向上具有很强的边界识别能力。与密度反演的结果密切吻合。2)由于密度层析成像结果在不同深度的分布在大部分区域都高于月球正常假定的地壳密度,我们的研究支持了临近星洋研究区月球岩浆膨胀和侵入假说。此外,我们研究区域的侵入源集中在平均月球半径表面以下约 30-45 千米的方向深度。
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引用次数: 0
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Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica
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