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Unlike previous studies that understood the anti-Shia movement merely as a form of affirming Islamic orthodoxy, this study finds evidence that there were wider agendas than the theological ones. Excluding the Shia from capturing Islamic public space, and challenging religious authority and local power which was dominated by moderate Muslim groups, were the socio-political agendas which contributed to the anti- Milad Fatimah mass mobilization. The involvement of radical Islamist groups such as the activists of the Tarbiyah and HTI is a sign that there is a strong political agenda behind mass mobilization. However, the ultimate goal of applying Islamic Sharia will never fade from the religious movements of Islamist groups. Studi ini mengkaji kekerasan terhadap minoritas agama khususnya kelompok Shia di Indonesia era demokrasi. Tulisan memilih kasus aksi mobilisasi massa anti-Milad Fatimah yang dilaksanakan oleh IJABI (Ikatan Jama’ah Ahlul Bait Indonesia), Bondowoso, Jawa Timur pada 2016. Tulisan ini memeroleh temuan yang menarik bahwa aksi mobilisasi massa anti-Milad Fatimah, melibatkan aliansi longgar di antara kelompok-kelompok Godly Muslim dengan agendanya yang tidak tunggal. Kelompok-kelompok militant Sunni dari kalangan NU, FPI, Wahabi/Salafi dan HTI, yang menggabungkan diri ke dalam FOKUS (Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’ah), merupakan aktor-aktor utama yang berperan penting dalam memobilisir aksi massa tersebut. Berbeda dari kajiankajian yang umumnya memahami gerakan anti-Shi’ah sebagai bentuk peneguhan ortodoksi Islam atupun homogenisasi Islam Indonesia, studi ini mendapati temuan yang jauh lebih besar dan kompleks dari sekedar agenda teologis itu. Mengekslusi Shi’ah dari ruang public Islam dan menantang otoritas keagamaan dan kekuasaan local yang didominasi oleh kelompok-kelompok Muslim moderat merupakan sejumlah agenda sosio-politik yang turut mewarnai aksi massa itu. Keterlibatan kelompok-kelompok Islamisme radikal seperti aktivis Gerakan Tarbiyah dan Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), menjadi sinyalemen cukup kuat adanya agenda politis di balik aksi massa. 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引用次数: 8
摘要
本文探讨了印尼民主社会中针对宗教少数群体,特别是什叶派群体的暴力行为,特别关注2016年由IJABI(Ahlul Bait Associations全印尼大会)在印度尼西亚东爪哇邦多沃索举行的反米拉德·法蒂玛(Fatimah诞辰纪念)大规模动员活动。这篇文章发现,反米拉德·法蒂玛的大规模动员涉及各种议程的神圣穆斯林团体之间的联盟和阴谋。来自Nahdlatul Ulama(联合国)、FPI(伊斯兰捍卫者阵线)、Wahabi/Salafi和Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia(HTI)组织的逊尼派激进组织合并为FOKUS(Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah通讯论坛),是在推动群众动员方面发挥关键作用的主要人物。与之前的研究不同,这些研究将反什叶派运动仅仅理解为一种肯定伊斯兰正统的形式,这项研究发现有证据表明,有比神学更广泛的议程。将什叶派排除在占领伊斯兰公共空间之外,挑战由温和穆斯林团体主导的宗教权威和地方权力,是促成反米拉德·法蒂玛大规模动员的社会政治议程。Tarbiyah和HTI等激进伊斯兰组织的参与表明,大规模动员背后有着强大的政治议程。然而,应用伊斯兰教法的最终目标永远不会从伊斯兰团体的宗教运动中消失。本研究调查了印尼民主时代针对宗教少数群体,特别是什叶派群体的暴力行为。书面选择了2016年由Jawa East Bondowoso的IJABI(Jama'ah Binatan Ahlul Bait Indonesia)实施的反Milad Fatimah大规模动员行动的案例。这篇文章获得了一个有趣的发现,即反米拉德·法蒂玛的大规模动员行动涉及神圣穆斯林团体之间的松散联盟及其独特的议程。来自联合国、FPI、Wahabi/Salafi和HTI的逊尼派激进组织加入了FOKUS(Sunnah Mayor Communications Forum),是动员这些大规模行动的关键参与者。与通常将反什叶派运动理解为伊斯兰教正统确认或印尼伊斯兰教同质化的一种形式的研究不同,这项研究发现了一个比神学议程更大、更复杂的发现。将什叶派排除在伊斯兰公共空间之外,挑战由温和穆斯林团体主导的宗教和地方当局,是一系列社会政治议程,这些议程为大规模行动蒙上了色彩。激进伊斯兰组织,如塔比耶和印尼解放党活动人士的参与,是大规模行动背后政治议程的强烈信号。然而,伊斯兰社会的想象力和渴望永远不会从伊斯兰团体的宗教运动中消失。
Anti-Shia Mass Mobilization in Indonesia’s Democracy: Godly Alliance, Militant Groups and the Politics of Exclusion
This article examines violence against religious minorities, especially Shia groups in the democracy of Indonesia, focusing particularly on the case of the 2016 anti- Milad Fatimah (Fatimah Birth Commemoration) mass mobilization performed by IJABI (The all-Indonesia Assembly of Ahlul Bait Associations) in Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. This article finds that the anti- Milad Fatimah mass mobilization involved alliances and conspiracy between Godly Muslim groups with a varied agenda. Sunni militant groups from the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), FPI (Islamic Defenders Front), Wahabi/Salafi, and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) groups, which merged into FOKUS ( Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah Communication Forum), were the main protagonists who played a key role in driving mass mobilization. Unlike previous studies that understood the anti-Shia movement merely as a form of affirming Islamic orthodoxy, this study finds evidence that there were wider agendas than the theological ones. Excluding the Shia from capturing Islamic public space, and challenging religious authority and local power which was dominated by moderate Muslim groups, were the socio-political agendas which contributed to the anti- Milad Fatimah mass mobilization. The involvement of radical Islamist groups such as the activists of the Tarbiyah and HTI is a sign that there is a strong political agenda behind mass mobilization. However, the ultimate goal of applying Islamic Sharia will never fade from the religious movements of Islamist groups. Studi ini mengkaji kekerasan terhadap minoritas agama khususnya kelompok Shia di Indonesia era demokrasi. Tulisan memilih kasus aksi mobilisasi massa anti-Milad Fatimah yang dilaksanakan oleh IJABI (Ikatan Jama’ah Ahlul Bait Indonesia), Bondowoso, Jawa Timur pada 2016. Tulisan ini memeroleh temuan yang menarik bahwa aksi mobilisasi massa anti-Milad Fatimah, melibatkan aliansi longgar di antara kelompok-kelompok Godly Muslim dengan agendanya yang tidak tunggal. Kelompok-kelompok militant Sunni dari kalangan NU, FPI, Wahabi/Salafi dan HTI, yang menggabungkan diri ke dalam FOKUS (Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’ah), merupakan aktor-aktor utama yang berperan penting dalam memobilisir aksi massa tersebut. Berbeda dari kajiankajian yang umumnya memahami gerakan anti-Shi’ah sebagai bentuk peneguhan ortodoksi Islam atupun homogenisasi Islam Indonesia, studi ini mendapati temuan yang jauh lebih besar dan kompleks dari sekedar agenda teologis itu. Mengekslusi Shi’ah dari ruang public Islam dan menantang otoritas keagamaan dan kekuasaan local yang didominasi oleh kelompok-kelompok Muslim moderat merupakan sejumlah agenda sosio-politik yang turut mewarnai aksi massa itu. Keterlibatan kelompok-kelompok Islamisme radikal seperti aktivis Gerakan Tarbiyah dan Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), menjadi sinyalemen cukup kuat adanya agenda politis di balik aksi massa. Bagaimanapun, imaginasi dan citacita penerapan syari’at Islam tidak akan pernah pudar dari gerakan keagamaan kelompok-kelompok Islamis.
期刊介绍:
Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies (IJIMS): This journal should coverage Islam both as a textual tradition with its own historical integrity and as a social reality which was dynamic and constantly changing. The journal also aims at bridging the gap between the textual and contextual approaches to Islamic Studies; and solving the dichotomy between ‘orthodox’ and ‘heterodox’ Islam. So, the journal invites the intersection of several disciplines and scholars. In other words, its contributors borrowed from a range of disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences.