《数百万活死人:逃亡者、波兰边境和18世纪的俄罗斯社会

IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY KRITIKA-EXPLORATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI:10.1353/kri.2023.0016
Evgenii Akelev, A. Gornostaev
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引用次数: 0

摘要

1761年,米哈伊尔·罗蒙诺索夫敏锐地指出,在俄罗斯人口减少的其他原因中,如疾病、谋杀和事故,还有“活死人”的问题(zhivye pokoiniki):“人们从边境省份前往其他国家,尤其是波兰,因此,俄罗斯王室失去了臣民。随后,他将俄罗斯-波兰边境比作一个“无法封锁的大洞”,以防止普通人逃离该国。一些人因为贵族的要求和征兵而逃离,而另一些人则受到分裂主义的影响,搬到了波兰的维耶特卡镇。最后他建议俄罗斯政府减轻税收负担,取消征兵制,以减少边境地区居民逃离和使用军队将“活死人”带回帝国的可能性。1罗蒙诺索夫对人口流失的担忧得到了同时代人的广泛认同,几份提到“超过100万人”的官方报告也进一步强调了这一点
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Millions of Living Dead: Fugitives, the Polish Border, and 18th-Century Russian Society
In 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov astutely noted that among other causes of population loss in Russia—such as diseases, murders, and accidents—was the issue of the “living dead” (zhivye pokoiniki): “From border provinces, people leave for other countries, especially for Poland, and, as a result, the Russian Crown loses its subjects.” He subsequently compared the RussoPolish border to a “great hole [velikaia skvazhina] that was impossible to seal” to prevent ordinary people from slipping out of the country. Some fled because of seigniorial demands and conscription, while others, affected by the Schism, moved to the Polish town of Vietka. Finally, he proposed that the Russian government should alleviate the tax burden and eliminate conscription to make borderland residents less likely to flee and use troops to bring the “living dead” back to the empire.1 Lomonosov’s concern with population loss was widely shared by his contemporaries and further accentuated by several official reports that mentioned “over a million people”
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
51
期刊介绍: A leading journal of Russian and Eurasian history and culture, Kritika is dedicated to internationalizing the field and making it relevant to a broad interdisciplinary audience. The journal regularly publishes forums, discussions, and special issues; it regularly translates important works by Russian and European scholars into English; and it publishes in every issue in-depth, lengthy review articles, review essays, and reviews of Russian, Eurasian, and European works that are rarely, if ever, reviewed in North American Russian studies journals.
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