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Collapse from Inside-Out or Outside-In? 由内而外还是由外而内坍塌?
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910982
Mark R. Beissinger
Collapse from Inside-Out or Outside-In? Mark R. Beissinger (bio) Vladislav M. Zubok, Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. xv + 576 pp., illus., maps. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00 (cloth). ISBN-13 978-0300268171, $25 (paper). You know you are old when the events that you lived through and wrote about in your youth become the domain of historians. The collapse of the Soviet Union has now entered that realm, and Vladislav Zubok's monumental tome is the most detailed study yet of elite politics during the Soviet collapse. It is a major contribution to our understanding of the subject. Let me start by noting that there is a fundamental difference between writing a political history, as Zubok has done, and writing a historically sensitive social scientific inquiry, as I aspired to do in my own study two decades ago.1 My purpose was not to provide a full-fledged historical interpretation of the politics of the time. Rather, I sought to shed light on previously unaccentuated aspects of the collapse: to explicate the enormous transformations in identities that occurred, how those transformations related to one another, the ways that they affected Russians, the relationship between what happened on the street and what took place in government offices, and how the seemingly impossible in 1987 (the breakup of the USSR) could become the seemingly inevitable by 1991. I did this with purposes of theory building in mind, not as an encompassing historical explanation. In the social sciences, we do not have the luxury of talking about "perfect storms," as Zubok does in this book; we are tasked instead with analyzing the dynamics of storms in general—how they function and how they behave. Since the publication of my study, a trove of new information has become available. Zubok has been indefatigable in tracking these down and [End Page 847] deserves much credit for doing so. He has scoured the archives, delved into diaries and memoirs, and interviewed many of the key decision makers and their aides (including their US counterparts). I am in awe of the sheer volume of material he has digested, and indeed Zubok treats us to a cornucopia of new details on what occurred behind the scenes. We learn, for instance, of the opulence of Mikhail Gorbachev's villa, how much George Bush's judgments flowed from his personal attachment to Gorbachev, how Dmitrii Iazov thought he could fix the "Lithuanian problem" in less than a week, the details of the back-and-forth over economic reform in 1990, the intense bickering and relentless tug-of-war for control between Boris Yeltsin and Gorbachev, Yeltsin's ubiquitous drinking (hardly a surprise), the frustrations of Gorbachev's aides and ministers over his constant prevarication, and many other insights. We even discover that Yeltsin learned of the August 1991 coup while watching television in his underwear—though what the relevance of that detail is (and who else learned about the coup in t
由内而外还是由外而内坍塌?马克·r·贝辛格(传记)弗拉季斯拉夫·m·祖博克,《崩溃:苏联的解体》。Xv + 576页,插图。、地图。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社,2021。ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00(布)。ISBN-13 978-0300268171,纸质版25美元。当你年轻时经历和写过的事件成为历史学家的领域时,你就知道自己老了。苏联的解体现在已经进入了这个领域,弗拉季斯拉夫·祖博克(Vladislav Zubok)的巨著是迄今为止对苏联解体期间精英政治最详细的研究。这是对我们理解这一主题的重大贡献。首先,我要指出,写政治史(就像祖博克所做的那样)和写历史敏感的社会科学探究(就像我20年前在自己的研究中所渴望做的那样)之间存在着根本的区别我的目的不是要对当时的政治提供一个完整的历史解释。相反,我试图揭示之前未被强调的崩溃方面:解释身份发生的巨大转变,这些转变如何相互关联,它们如何影响俄罗斯人,街头发生的事情与政府办公室发生的事情之间的关系,以及1987年看似不可能的事情(苏联解体)如何在1991年成为看似不可避免的事情。我这样做的目的是建立理论,而不是作为一个包罗万象的历史解释。在社会科学领域,我们没有像祖博克在这本书中那样谈论“完美风暴”的奢侈;相反,我们的任务是分析风暴的总体动力学——它们是如何运作和行为的。自从我的研究发表以来,有了大量的新信息。Zubok一直孜孜不倦地追踪这些信息,在这方面他值得称赞。他翻遍了档案,钻研日记和回忆录,采访了许多关键决策者及其助手(包括他们的美国同行)。我对他所消化的大量材料感到敬畏,事实上,祖布克为我们提供了丰富的新细节,讲述了幕后发生的事情。例如,我们了解到米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫别墅的奢华,乔治·布什对戈尔巴乔夫的个人依恋在多大程度上影响了他的判断,德米特里·亚佐夫如何认为他可以在不到一周的时间内解决“立陶宛问题”,1990年经济改革的反复细节,鲍里斯·叶利钦和戈尔巴乔夫之间激烈的争吵和无休止的争夺控制权的拉锯战,叶利钦无处不在的酗酒(不足为奇),戈尔巴乔夫的助手和部长们对他不断推诿的失望,以及其他许多见解。我们甚至发现叶利钦是在穿着内衣看电视时得知1991年8月政变的——尽管这个细节的相关性是什么(还有谁穿着内衣得知了政变),我不能说。这本书旨在重新思考苏联解体的必然性。我完全同意那个目标。这是我自己作品的中心主题撇开“完美风暴”的语言不谈,祖博克确实提出了一个关于苏联解体的论点:将苏联分裂成多个国家的不是民族主义,而是个性、党的机构的解体和不明智的经济改革。坍塌是由内向外发生的。我与祖博克的不同之处在于解释、重点和观点的不同:他将崩溃主要归因于人格;他主要关注由内而外的变化,而不是欣赏由外而内的变化所起的关键作用;他过分关注1991年,而不是1991年之前的事情;在我看来,他过分强调了导致崩溃的经济因素。这些都是理性的学者可能不同意的问题。Zubok用近乎完全的不确定性取代了结构确定性。正如他所描述的那样,苏联的崩溃在很大程度上取决于戈尔巴乔夫和叶利钦这两个人的奇思妙想和愚蠢。结构-代理问题激发了如此多的社会科学思考。
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引用次数: 0
"A Past Charged with the Time of the Now": How Do Radical Movements Sustain a Sense of Past? “充满当下时间的过去”:激进运动如何维持过去感?
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910987
Andy Willimott
"A Past Charged with the Time of the Now"How Do Radical Movements Sustain a Sense of Past? Andy Willimott (bio) Jay Bergman, The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture. 543 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-0198842705. $130.00. David Brandenberger and Mikhail Zelenov, eds., Stalin's Master Narrative: A Critical Edition of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course. 744 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-0300155365. $72.00. How do radical movements sustain a sense of past even as they boldly declare their newness? With the Reformation a whole historiography of medieval dissent was forged by 16th-century Protestants, all vying to find a sense of origin in a virtuous past. Various 19th-century national movements embraced narratives proclaiming and explaining their existence, often retrospectively projecting their values back to a time armorial. In 1917, the Bolsheviks confidently proclaimed their newness, heralded a red dawn, and insisted on a new way of life. But the past mattered to the Bolsheviks, too. Far from disregarding the events and developments that preceded them, as Marxists they understood history as a linear, progressive process. They were deeply conscious of their place in "the march of history." More than that, the past could be meaningful to the Bolsheviks—a place where example and purpose were to be found. After all, as Marxists, they believed that the past was composed of manifest "universal laws" that could both explain and help unlock the course of history (Bergman, viii). Not so much rooted in a fixed sense of "time armorial," the forces of history seemed very much alive in the present [End Page 901] for the Bolsheviks. Or as Walter Benjamin observed, theirs was "a past charged with the time of the now."1 Understanding the past as having an active and evolving importance to the Bolsheviks—as opposed to a redundant, unchanging, or even purely subservient role—is crucial to explaining the formative underpinnings of 1917 and the Soviet Union.2 It has not always been thus. The long-dominant totalitarian school of thought presumed that ideology was fixed, permanent, and impervious to evolving circumstances. The meanings found in the past were deemed largely irrelevant next to the power of a "founding idea."3 In recent years, however, a growing array of scholars have sought to examine the Soviet relationship to the past, influenced by the burgeoning field of memory studies, building on Pierre Nora's formative assessment of rituals and symbols as sites of memory, Hayden White's pronouncements on our collective desire for narrative construction and storytelling in historical writing, and Henry Steele Commager's focus on presentism and the search for a "usable past," as well as Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger's notion of "invented traditions."4 The last particularly resonated with a field tending to foc
“充满当下时间的过去”激进运动如何维持过去的感觉?安迪·威利莫特(传记)杰伊·伯格曼,在俄罗斯和苏联政治,政治思想和文化的法国革命传统。543页。牛津:牛津大学出版社,2019。ISBN-13 978 - 0198842705。130.00美元。David Brandenberger和Mikhail Zelenov编。,斯大林的主叙事:苏联共产党(布尔什维克)历史批判版:短期课程。744页。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社,2019。ISBN-13 978 - 0300155365。72.00美元。激进运动如何在大胆宣称自己是新颖性的同时保持对过去的感觉?随着宗教改革,16世纪的新教徒形成了一套完整的中世纪异议史学,他们都在竞相寻找一种源于道德高尚的过去的感觉。19世纪的各种民族运动都采用了宣称和解释其存在的叙事,通常将其价值观追溯到一个时代的徽章。1917年,布尔什维克自信地宣告他们的新生,预示着红色的黎明,并坚持一种新的生活方式。但对布尔什维克来说,过去也很重要。作为马克思主义者,他们并没有忽视在他们之前发生的事件和发展,而是把历史理解为一个线性的、进步的过程。他们深深意识到自己在“历史进程”中的地位。更重要的是,过去对布尔什维克来说可能是有意义的——一个可以找到榜样和目标的地方。毕竟,作为马克思主义者,他们相信过去是由明显的“普遍规律”组成的,这些规律既可以解释历史的进程,也可以帮助解开历史的进程(伯格曼,第八章)。对布尔什维克来说,历史的力量不是根植于固定的“时间徽章”,而是在现在似乎非常活跃。或者正如沃尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin)所说,他们的“过去充满了当下的时间”。将过去理解为对布尔什维克具有积极和不断发展的重要性,而不是多余的、不变的,甚至纯粹是屈从的角色,这对于解释1917年和苏联的形成基础至关重要。长期占据统治地位的极权主义思想流派认为,意识形态是固定的、永久的,不受环境变化的影响。过去发现的含义被认为与“创始理念”的力量相比,在很大程度上是无关紧要的。然而,近年来,越来越多的学者在新兴的记忆研究领域的影响下,以皮埃尔·诺拉(Pierre Nora)对作为记忆场所的仪式和符号的形成性评估、海登·怀特(Hayden White)关于我们在历史写作中对叙事构建和讲故事的集体愿望的声明,以及亨利·斯蒂尔·科马格(Henry Steele Commager)对现在主义和寻找“可用的过去”的关注为基础,试图研究苏联与过去的关系。以及埃里克·霍布斯鲍恩和特伦斯·兰杰的“发明的传统”概念。最后一个特别引起了一个倾向于关注自上而下的宣传生产的领域的共鸣。这一领域的大多数报道都涉及到最近(苏联)的过去。尼娜·图马金(Nina Tumarkin)对苏联卫国战争记忆的研究引领了这一潮流。至关重要的是,大卫·布兰登伯格对“民族布尔什维主义”一词的普及,是一个以俄罗斯为中心的过去如何被纳入苏联宣传的例子Lisa Kirschenbaum专注于列宁格勒围城战的遗留问题,她孜孜不倦地开始揭示公民是如何参与关于苏联过去的官方叙述的最近,乔纳森·布伦德斯泰特的《二战的苏联神话》寻找了细微的差别,挑战了那些声称苏联国际主义及其遗产在1941年就被抛弃的人。杰里米·希克斯的新书分析了1945年在德国国会大厦(Reichstag)上高举的胜利旗帜的持续象征意义、仪式意义,甚至是不确定的意义——通过电影、纪录片、电视,甚至是当今的广告和电子游戏追踪了这一形象相比之下,弗雷德里克·c·科尼的《讲述十月》将注意力转向了1917年的历史框架,研究了十月革命历史委员会和俄罗斯共产党(布尔什维克……
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引用次数: 0
Not a Threat? The Russian Elites' Disregard for the "Islamist Danger" in the North Caucasus in the 1990s 不是威胁?20世纪90年代俄罗斯精英阶层对北高加索地区“伊斯兰主义危险”的漠视
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910980
Vassily A. Klimentov
Not a Threat?The Russian Elites' Disregard for the "Islamist Danger" in the North Caucasus in the 1990s Vassily A. Klimentov (bio) Since the 1980s, Western pundits have claimed that Muslims in the Soviet Union would rise to challenge communism. Proponents of this school of thought centered on Alexandre Bennigsen, the Russian émigré scholar and specialist on Islam. Bennigsen postulated that, because Soviet Muslims actively nurtured plans to overthrow the communist regime, Soviet authorities both in Moscow and the Muslim republics were in constant fear of Islam and closely monitored the "parallel clergy," the Islamic scholars who escaped registration by official institutions tasked with policing religion.1 The Bennigsen school also convinced the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the necessity to nurture the opposition among Soviet Muslims to the Soviet authorities by smuggling Islamic literature to them and broadcasting Islamic radio content in Muslim regions. These attempts to undermine the Soviet system proved, however, underwhelming.2 When the USSR collapsed, Soviet Muslims often proved to be the most loyal of Soviet citizens and Islam did not become a driving factor for separatism.3 Except for Azerbaijan, which became embroiled in a war with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, Muslim republics left the Soviet Union unwillingly. [End Page 817] Overall, policymakers in Moscow disregarded Islam as a source of dispute throughout the Soviet period. They did not see it as a challenge to communism.4 Despite being discredited, the Bennigsen school has had a long life, continuing to influence studies on Soviet and post-Soviet Muslims. Western and Russian scholars and policymakers, often from among security elites, have built on its legacy to analyze the rise of Islamism, a movement that conceives of Islam as a political ideology and hopes for the establishment of a theocratic state in the post-Soviet space.5 Constructing a retrospectively deterministic narrative after the consolidation of radical Islamism in the North Caucasus in the 2000s, they have argued that the Soviet and Russian states consistently fought Islamism in the 20th century. Such accounts have too often traced uncritical filiations from the Iranian Revolution to the Soviet-Afghan War, the Tajik Civil War, the First and Second Chechen Wars and, ultimately, the war in Syria.6 Since 1999, they have followed the ideology of Vladimir Putin's regime, which has repeatedly emphasized the existential and, importantly, foreign threat that Islamism represented to Russia.7 In that narrative Moscow appeared to have continuously been at the forefront of a messianic civilizational fight against Islamism. [End Page 818] Other scholars have questioned such accounts, highlighting how perceptions and policies on Islam connected with the longue durée of Russia's relationship with Muslims that was marked by orientalist stereotypes and, depending on the period, accommodation or confrontation;8 how the Soviets
不是威胁?20世纪80年代以来,西方权威人士宣称苏联的穆斯林将奋起挑战共产主义。这一派思想的支持者以亚历山大·贝尼格森(Alexandre Bennigsen)为中心,他是俄罗斯的移民学者和伊斯兰教专家。贝尼格森认为,由于苏联穆斯林积极策划推翻共产主义政权的计划,莫斯科和穆斯林共和国的苏联当局一直对伊斯兰教感到恐惧,并密切监视“平行神职人员”,这些伊斯兰学者逃避了负责监管宗教的官方机构的登记贝尼格森学派还说服了中央情报局(CIA)有必要通过向苏联穆斯林走私伊斯兰文学和在穆斯林地区播放伊斯兰广播内容来培养他们对苏联当局的反对。然而,事实证明,这些破坏苏联体制的企图并没有给人留下深刻印象当苏联解体时,苏联穆斯林往往被证明是最忠诚的苏联公民,伊斯兰教并没有成为分裂主义的驱动因素除了因纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫而卷入与亚美尼亚战争的阿塞拜疆,其他穆斯林共和国都不情愿地离开了苏联。总的来说,莫斯科的政策制定者忽视了伊斯兰教在整个苏联时期是一个争议的来源。他们不认为这是对共产主义的挑战尽管名誉扫地,贝尼格森学院仍然存在了很长一段时间,继续影响着对苏联和后苏联时期穆斯林的研究。西方和俄罗斯的学者和政策制定者,通常来自安全精英,已经在其遗产的基础上分析了伊斯兰主义的兴起,伊斯兰主义运动将伊斯兰教视为一种政治意识形态,并希望在后苏联空间建立一个神权国家在2000年代激进伊斯兰主义在北高加索地区巩固之后,他们构建了一种回顾性的决定论叙事,认为苏联和俄罗斯国家在20世纪一直在与伊斯兰主义作斗争。这样的描述经常将伊朗革命、苏阿战争、塔吉克内战、第一次和第二次车臣战争以及最终的叙利亚战争等不加批判地联系在一起。6自1999年以来,他们一直遵循弗拉基米尔·普京政权的意识形态,该政权一再强调存在主义,重要的是,在这种叙述中,莫斯科似乎一直站在反对伊斯兰主义的弥赛亚文明斗争的最前沿。[End Page 818]其他学者对这种说法提出质疑,强调对伊斯兰教的看法和政策如何与俄罗斯与穆斯林关系的长期发展联系在一起,这种关系以东方主义的刻板印象为特征,并根据时期的不同,有和解或对抗;8苏联如何在国内和外交政策中对宗教进行区分评估,承认伊斯兰教可以成为第三世界的“进步因素”;苏联政治局是如何在1986年后才认真对待阿富汗的伊斯兰教,将其视为西方作为冷战一部分的武器;苏联是如何对伊斯兰教内部的宗派紧张关系缺乏了解;伊斯兰教在塔吉克内战中是次要因素,在第一次车臣战争中更是如此;以及在第二次车臣战争期间,北高加索叛乱分子平台的宗教化与意识形态的关系与工具的关系一样多然而,没有研究调查俄罗斯精英如何看待伊斯兰教在前苏联的发展,以及他们的评估如何与苏联遗产联系起来。虽然一些研究关注了冷战后俄罗斯国家的连续性,但没有一个研究探讨了这对俄罗斯与伊斯兰教的关系意味着什么。13通过强调苏联解体,大多数研究模糊了苏联和后苏联时期伊斯兰教安全评估的连续性。通过将这一分析历史化,我们有可能确定并解释克里姆林宫对伊斯兰主义危险评估的转变,从苏联时期受到的相对漠视到获得的中心地位……
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引用次数: 0
Reading Practices and the Uses of Print in Russian History 俄罗斯历史上的阅读实践和印刷品的使用
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910986
Yelizaveta Raykhlina
Reading Practices and the Uses of Print in Russian History Yelizaveta Raykhlina (bio) Damiano Rebecchini and Raffaella Vassena, eds., Reading Russia: A History of Reading in Modern Russia, vols. 1–3. 295 + 561 + 435 pp. Milan: Ledizioni, 2020. ISBN-13 978-8855261920 (vol. 1), 978-8855261937 (vol. 2), 978-8867055944 (vol. 3). Open access via OpenEdition Books. Yukiko Tatsumi and Taro Tsurumi, eds., Publishing in Tsarist Russia: A History of Print Media from Enlightenment to Revolution. xv + 264 pp. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. ISBN-13 978-1350246768. $40.95. The history of Russian civil society has been examined by scholars looking to explain the underdevelopment of independent political institutions, weak rule of law, and relative illiberalism of successive Russian regimes across the centuries.1 Turning to the history of reading, printing, and the control of public discourse, scholars once saw imperial Russia's public sphere as lacking in critical mass and degree of political influence in comparison to its European and North American counterparts, while Soviet publics were constrained under the tight control of the state. This understanding has undergone significant revision in recent decades, as scholars have interrogated both the prescriptive categories and models of Western political theory, and as new research has uncovered broader types of agency and participation across Russian history. Working largely in the disciplines of literature, history, and historical sociology, these approaches [End Page 886] have produced deeply researched studies of publishers, presses, publics, and readers in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Examining questions such as canon formation and marketplace influence, literary scholars have looked to the Formalist tradition, semiotics, and sociological concepts to provide critical context and analysis for understanding the work of renowned authors and their "classics."2 Historians, inspired by the Annales school and the various historiographical "turns"—cultural, imperial, transnational—have explored the manifold applications and uses of publishing, from mass readerships and cultural production to the entanglements among writers, publishers, politics, and the state.3 Cumulatively, this research has not only underscored the integral role of reading and texts for understanding the imperial and Soviet periods but has also pointed to multiple new avenues for scholars to explore. This review focuses on four edited volumes which do precisely that: examine text consumption and production using novel and multidisciplinary approaches. Reading Russia: A History of Reading in Modern Russia, the three-volume series edited by Damiano Rebecchini and Raffaella Vassena, surveys Russian reading practices from the late 17th century to the post-Soviet period, while Publishing in Tsarist Russia: A History of Print Media from Enlightenment to Revolution, edited by Yukiko Tatsumi and Taro Tsurumi, provides an innovative approach
阅读实践和使用印刷在俄罗斯历史叶利扎维塔·雷克莉娜(生物)Damiano Rebecchini和Raffaella Vassena,编。,《阅读俄罗斯:现代俄罗斯阅读史》,卷。1 - 3。295 + 561 + 435页。米兰:Ledizioni, 2020。ISBN-13 978-8855261920 (vol. 1), 978-8855261937 (vol. 2), 978-8867055944 (vol. 3).通过OpenEdition Books开放获取。Tatsumi Yukiko and tsuumi太郎编。《沙俄的出版:从启蒙运动到革命的印刷媒体史》xv + 264 pp.纽约:布鲁姆斯伯里学术,2020。ISBN-13 978 - 1350246768。40.95美元。学者们研究了俄罗斯公民社会的历史,试图解释几个世纪以来独立政治机构的不发达、法治的薄弱以及俄罗斯历届政权的相对非自由主义在阅读、印刷和公共话语控制的历史上,学者们曾经认为,与欧洲和北美的同行相比,帝国俄罗斯的公共领域缺乏临界质量和政治影响程度,而苏联公众则受到国家严格控制的约束。近几十年来,随着学者们对西方政治理论的规范性类别和模型进行了质疑,以及新的研究揭示了俄罗斯历史上更广泛的代理和参与类型,这种理解经历了重大的修订。这些方法主要在文学、历史和历史社会学的学科中工作,对俄罗斯帝国和苏联的出版商、出版社、公众和读者进行了深入的研究。考察诸如经典的形成和市场的影响等问题,文学学者们着眼于形式主义传统、符号学和社会学概念,为理解著名作家的作品和他们的“经典”提供关键的背景和分析。历史学家受到《年鉴》学派和各种史学“转向”——文化的、帝国的、跨国的——的启发,探索了出版的多种应用和用途,从大众读者和文化生产到作家、出版商、政治和国家之间的纠缠总的来说,这项研究不仅强调了阅读和文本对理解帝国和苏联时期的不可或缺的作用,而且还指出了学者探索的多种新途径。这篇评论集中在四个编辑卷,正是这样做的:检查文本消费和生产使用新颖的和多学科的方法。由Damiano Rebecchini和Raffaella Vassena编辑的三卷本系列丛书《阅读俄罗斯:现代俄罗斯阅读史》调查了从17世纪末到后苏联时期的俄罗斯阅读实践,而由Tatsumi Yukiko和Tsurumi太郎编辑的《沙皇俄罗斯出版:从启蒙运动到革命的印刷媒体史》则为研究17世纪末到1917年的帝国俄罗斯出版提供了一种创新的方法。这四个标题有几个共同点。首先,所有四个编辑的集合呈现了学者们使用不同的方法来探索一组相关的问题和概念的累积努力,从而指出了一个高度多元且经常是跨学科的研究领域的新方向。第二,这两卷书通过探索两个相互纠结的问题来相互补充,其中《阅读俄罗斯》卷书询问读者如何回应俄罗斯文本和随着时间的推移不断发展的文学文化,并与之互动,《沙皇俄国的出版》卷书询问帝国臣民如何在帝国广阔的地理范围内利用俄语出版来参与帝国秩序。第三,这四卷涵盖了重要的史学领域,同时也通过案例研究和建议进一步阅读来突出主要来源研究。最后,虽然没有坚持单一的理论方法,但《阅读俄罗斯》和《在沙皇俄国出版》都提出了复杂的,甚至是对陈旧的方法论类别的挑战,尤其是——正如编辑们的介绍所争论的——那些与j根·哈贝马斯的公共领域理论和本尼迪克特·安德森对语言、民族主义和印刷资本主义之间联系的理解有关的方法。_____三卷本的《阅读俄罗斯》致力于分析读者对俄语的反应和接受,这是一项长期具有挑战性的任务编辑们的介绍不仅是为了纠正长期以来过分强调作者和文本的文学研究,特别关注读者和阅读……
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引用次数: 0
"The Duty of Perfect Obedience": The Laws of Subjecthood in Tsarist Russia “完全服从的义务”:沙皇俄国的主体性法律
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910978
Sean Pollock
"The Duty of Perfect Obedience"The Laws of Subjecthood in Tsarist Russia Sean Pollock (bio) Sometime between 1666 and 1667, Grigorii Kotoshikhin, a former long-serving undersecretary (pod´iachii) in Muscovy's Ambassadorial Chancellery, Swedish spy and defector, composed what the historian Marshall Poe has characterized as "a tell-all description of Russian politics."1 The Swedes, having accepted Kotoshikhin into state service and granted him a salary in 1666, commissioned him to write a book focused on Muscovite statecraft, "to describe," in Kotoshikhin's words, "the whole Muscovite state."2 To explain how the Muscovite state worked, Kotoshikhin organized the book around questions and answers, many of which throw light on a neglected dimension of Russian state formation—namely, the political subjectification of the country's population, or what Russian law beginning in the second half of the 17th century referred to as poddanstvo. Question: Why does the Muscovite tsar write to Christian states using his full long title, [including] after "ruler [of all the northern lands]": "sovereign of the Iberian lands of the Kartlian and Georgian tsars, and [End Page 753] of the Kabardinian lands of the Circassian and Mountain princes, and heir through his fathers and forefathers, and sovereign and possessor, of many eastern and western and northern realms and lands"; whereas to the Mohammedan states he does not write these titles? What is the reason for this? Answer: The Iberian, Kartlian, and Georgian states are under the authority of the Persian shah and [owe him] the greatest obedience; and the tsar writes to other [Christian] states [using these titles] in order to glorify himself, without good reason; and in those [Caucasian] states it is the custom, when writing to the tsar, to humble oneself and to exalt him, and to call oneself his slave, just as in other states it is the custom, when one lord writes to another, to refer to oneself as his obedient servant. But [the Muscovites] interpret their humble language as if it were really true that they are [permanent] subjects (vechnye poddannye); but this is not true…. As for the Circassian and Mountain princes of the Kabardinian land, they are indeed his subjects (pod ego poddanstvom), but it is awkward for [the tsar] to use these titles in writing to the Shah of Persia without the others. And if he used all those titles with which he writes to the Christian states, all the Mohammedan states would make war on him on this account. And if the Shah of Persia learned truly about the sovereigns from those realms who address [the tsar] as his slaves, he would order them and their realms to be devastated and utterly ruined. And for this reason those titles are not used in writing to Mohammedan sovereigns.3 Clearly, much was at stake in claiming Caucasian peoples as Muscovite subjects: the power and prestige of Muscovy's ruler; the quality of relations with its Christian and Muslim rivals; and the political status
在1666年到1667年之间的某个时候,曾长期担任莫斯科大使总督府副部长(pod´iachii)的瑞典间谍和叛逃者格里高利·柯敏欣(Grigorii Kotoshikhin)撰写了历史学家马歇尔·坡(Marshall Poe)所说的“对俄罗斯政治的全面描述”。1666年,瑞典人接受科敏利欣为国家服务,并给他发了薪水,委托他写一本关于莫斯科政治的书,用科敏利欣的话来说,“来描述整个莫斯科国家”。为了解释莫斯科国家是如何运作的,Kotoshikhin围绕问题和答案组织了这本书,其中许多问题揭示了俄罗斯国家形成的一个被忽视的方面,即国家人口的政治主体化,或者始于17世纪下半叶的俄罗斯法律所称的poddanstvo。问题:为什么莫斯科沙皇在给基督教国家写信时使用他的全称,(包括)在“(所有北方土地)的统治者”之后:“卡特利亚和格鲁吉亚沙皇的伊比利亚土地的君主,切尔克斯和山地王子的卡巴尔底土地的君主,通过他的父辈和祖先继承的君主,以及许多东部、西部和北部地区和土地的君主和所有者”;而对于伊斯兰国家,他并没有写这些标题?这是什么原因呢?回答:伊比利亚、卡特利亚和格鲁吉亚都在波斯国王的权威之下,(欠他)最大的服从;沙皇写信给其他[基督教]国家[使用这些头衔]为了荣耀自己,没有充分的理由;在那些(高加索)国家里,给沙皇写信时,习惯上要卑躬屈膝,尊称自己为他的奴隶,就像在其他国家里,一个领主给另一个领主写信时,习惯上要称自己为他顺从的仆人一样。但是(莫斯科人)把他们谦卑的语言解释为他们是(永久的)臣民(vechnye poddannye);但这不是真的....至于卡巴尔地的切尔克斯和山地王子,他们确实是他的臣民(pod ego poddanstvom),但(沙皇)在给波斯国王写信时使用这些头衔而不使用其他头衔是很尴尬的。如果他在给基督教国家写信时使用了这些头衔,那么所有的伊斯兰教国家都会因此对他发动战争。如果波斯国王从那些把沙皇当作奴隶的国家中真正了解到君主,他会下令摧毁他们和他们的王国,彻底毁灭。由于这个原因,这些头衔在写给伊斯兰君主的信中并不使用显然,宣称高加索人是莫斯科的臣民是很危险的:莫斯科统治者的权力和声望;与基督教和穆斯林对手的关系质量;以及不同民族的政治地位——事实上,他们的生活和生计作为一名前俄罗斯外交官,Kotoshikhin处于了解俄罗斯主体性来龙去脉的理想位置,主体性是沙皇统治的一个核心但未被充分研究的制度自Kotoshikhin时代以来,俄罗斯的主体制度一直是国家支持的俄罗斯国家形成的核心。例如,大约三个世纪后,苏联历史学家开始为这个国家提供一份“新帝国史”的先驱者信,使用Kotoshikhin的叙述和其他来自沙皇时期的证据,从历史上证明不同民族在俄罗斯(以及扩展到苏联)国家声称的领土上的合并最近,苏联神话中非俄罗斯民族自愿并入俄罗斯帝国的说法,已经超越了它赖以形成的国家的存在,被俄罗斯的统治精英们利用起来。2006年,俄罗斯联邦总统弗拉基米尔·普京发布法令,纪念今天的Adygeia、Karachaevo-Cherkessiia和Kabardino-Balkariia“自愿并入”俄罗斯450周年。2007年,普京前往巴什科尔托斯坦庆祝其成立450周年,并在共和国首都乌法献花…
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引用次数: 0
Russian History Pre-1600: A Turn to a Postcolonial Perspective? 1600年前的俄罗斯历史:转向后殖民视角?
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910985
Gleb Kazakov
Russian History Pre-1600A Turn to a Postcolonial Perspective? Gleb Kazakov (bio) Marat Shaikhutdinov, Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State. 274 pp. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-1644697139. $109.00. Vladimir Shirogorov, War on the Eve of Nations: Conflicts and Militaries in Eastern Europe, 1450–1500. 509 pp. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2021. ISBN-13 978-1793622402. $142.00. Cornelia Soldat, Russland als Ziel kolonialer Eroberung: Heinrich von Stadens Pläne für ein Moskauer Reich im 16. Jahrhundert (Russia as a Goal of Colonial Conquest: Heinrich von Staden's Plans for a Muscovite State in the 16th Century). 285 pp. Bielefeld: transcript, 2022. ISBN-13 978-3837661644. €45.00. It is not a simple task to define what should be considered the "premodern" era in Russian history. A long-standing tradition in Russian historical literature sees an important threshold in the Petrine reforms at the beginning of the 18th century, thus everything before Peter the Great is labeled as "Old Russia" (Drevniaia Rus´). A different approach has gained popularity in recent years among North American scholars: here the Russian 18th century is viewed as a natural continuation of the state and empire building begun by Ivan III (1462–1505) of Muscovy, and the start of Russian modernity is postponed to roughly 1800.1 The early modern period of Russian [End Page 873] history thus stretches over three and a half centuries. Different stages of this long epoch have received different levels of attention in the historiography. Interest toward the study of the 18th-century Russian empire has indisputably been greatest. The rather uncomplicated access—for foreign scholars—to archival sources (most of which are stored in one central archive—the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts [Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov, RGADA]), which was the norm from the 1990s to the outbreak of war in 2022, has accelerated research on 17th-century Russian history, opening it up to new approaches, topics, and methods. The history of Russia (or, to be more precise, of the Grand Principality of Moscow) before the 1530s has, however, received less attention and is still largely viewed within the old Karamzinian paradigm of the "gathering of the Rus´ lands" by the grand princes of Moscow. This paradigm remains, by and large, very Moscow centered and, as one may even call it, proto-imperial in its main narrative, for it recognizes only the agency of one particular actor, leaving other entities of the region—be it the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Tver´, or Novgorod—in the role of mere obstacles along the path of the emerging centralized state. Since the appearance of Andreas Kappeler's Russland als Vielvölkerreich in 1992 (published in English as The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History), the view of tsarist Russia as an empire and a multiethnic colonial state has been largely accepted by Western academics.2 However, the discourse about Russia's colo
1600年前的俄罗斯历史:转向后殖民视角?Gleb Kazakov(传记)Marat Shaikhutdinov,东西方之间:莫斯科国家的形成。274页。波士顿:学术研究出版社,2021。ISBN-13 978 - 1644697139。109.00美元。Vladimir Shirogorov:《国家前夕的战争:东欧的冲突与军事,1450-1500》。509页。兰哈姆,马里兰州:列克星敦图书,2021。ISBN-13 978 - 1793622402。142.00美元。科妮莉亚·索尔达特,俄罗斯,齐尔·科洛尼亚·埃洛贝格:海因里希·冯·斯塔登斯Pläne 莫斯科帝国出版社,2006年。俄罗斯作为殖民征服的目标:海因里希·冯·斯塔登在16世纪的莫斯科国家计划)。285页。比勒费尔德:文稿,2022年。ISBN-13 978 - 3837661644。€45.00。定义俄罗斯历史上的“前现代”时代并非易事。俄罗斯历史文献中有一个悠久的传统,18世纪初的彼得大帝改革是一个重要的起点,因此彼得大帝之前的一切都被贴上了“旧俄罗斯”(Drevniaia Rus’)的标签。近年来,一种不同的方法在北美学者中越来越受欢迎:在这里,俄罗斯的18世纪被视为莫斯科公国伊凡三世(1462-1505)开始的国家和帝国建设的自然延续,俄罗斯现代性的开始被推迟到大约1800.1 .俄罗斯早期的现代历史因此延伸了三个半世纪。这一漫长时期的不同阶段在史学上受到了不同程度的关注。毫无疑问,人们对18世纪俄罗斯帝国的研究兴趣最大。对于外国学者来说,相当简单的访问档案资源(其中大部分存储在一个中央档案馆-俄罗斯国家古代档案[RGADA]]),这是从20世纪90年代到2022年战争爆发的规范,加速了对17世纪俄罗斯历史的研究,为新的方法,主题和方法打开了大门。然而,1530年代之前的俄罗斯历史(或者更准确地说,莫斯科大公国的历史)受到的关注较少,并且在很大程度上仍然被视为莫斯科大公“聚集罗斯土地”的旧卡拉姆齐尼范式。总的来说,这种模式仍然是以莫斯科为中心的,在其主要叙事中,人们甚至可以称之为原型帝国,因为它只承认一个特定行动者的代理,而该地区的其他实体——无论是立陶宛大公国、特维尔还是诺夫哥罗德——都只是新兴中央集权国家道路上的障碍。自1992年安德烈亚斯·卡佩勒的《俄罗斯帝国:多民族历史》(the Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History)一书出版以来,沙皇俄国作为一个帝国和多民族殖民国家的观点在很大程度上被西方学者所接受然而,关于俄罗斯殖民主义的论述通常从1552年对喀山的征服开始,把之前的几个世纪留在灰色地带然而,这些变化很可能已经在进行中。众所周知,俄罗斯对乌克兰的侵略战争对东欧研究领域产生了重大影响。不仅是研究普京政权演变和性质的政治学家,历史学家也面临着这样一个问题:殖民话语在俄罗斯历史中的作用是否应该进一步强调,甚至重新评估?当然,关于俄罗斯殖民主义的作用和性质的最激烈的辩论来自19世纪和20世纪的历史,但即使是前现代时期也不能从当前的趋势中忽略俄罗斯在战前和战争期间的宣传叙述表明,中世纪和近代早期可以被用来创造历史神话在不久的将来,莫斯科崛起历史的旧范式将被解构,14至16世纪东欧历史中次等角色的话语权也将被赋予。在这篇文章中,我并不声称涵盖了全部……
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引用次数: 0
Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and the Way Things Looked from Kyiv 戈尔巴乔夫、叶利钦和基辅的形势
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910983
Serhy Yekelchyk
Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and the Way Things Looked from Kyiv Serhy Yekelchyk (bio) Vladislav M. Zubok, Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. xv + 576 pp., illus., maps. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00 (cloth). ISBN-13 978-0300268171, $25 (paper). Like Vladislav M. Zubok, I have a vivid recollection of my immediate reaction to the news of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The August 1991 coup left a particularly strong imprint on my memory. At the time I was an aspirant with an almost-completed dissertation draft, and my first thought was that "they" would force me to rewrite most of the text or write a new thesis on a Soviet-style topic. But my thought about "them" came complete with the notion of "us," the members of Ukraine's generation of the late 1980s and early 1990s—students and young professionals for whom the notion of political freedom had become fused with the conscious choice of Ukrainian culture as an anti-imperial identity marker. I knew that this imagined community would not give up and allow the authorities to go back to the bleak days of the late Soviet period. The student hunger strike on the Maidan in October 1990 had proved that by forcing the resignation of Vitaly Masol, the chairman of the Ukrainian SSR's Council of Ministers. The different memories of 1991 do not suggest that one particular memory was right and the other was not. Instead, all of them highlight the fact that the end of the Soviet Union was a complex event produced by multiple social and political processes that unfolded simultaneously, the resulting dynamic differing depending on the region. The optics of a Russian contemporary could differ from that of a Ukrainian one, and the full picture would emerge only when these two optics (and many more) were reconciled. Just as the perceptions of the fall of the Soviet superpower differed in 1991, so do its subsequent interpretations—depending on their [End Page 853] focus. In this sense, Zubok's gripping and extremely well-researched account concentrating on the actions (or lack thereof) undertaken by the central authorities reads particularly well in concert with studies emphasizing the agency of mass movements in the non-Russian republics, such as Ronald G. Suny's The Revenge of the Past, Mark Beissinger's Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, and Serhii Plokhy's The Last Empire.1 Among the many contributions of this book, the most important one is Zubok's detailed inquiry into the role of Mikhail Gorbachev and his motivation for starting the fateful reforms in the first place. It is true that the constitutional structure of the Soviet Union made the Union republics natural default foci of loyalty, if the center were to weaken and Soviet policies made ethnicity a powerful idiom of dissent.2 It is also correct to say that many republics, especially in the so-called Soviet West, experienced national mobilization outside the USSR during the interwar peri
《戈尔巴乔夫、叶利钦和基辅的形势》,谢里·叶克尔奇克(传记)弗拉季斯拉夫·m·祖布克著,《崩溃:苏联的垮台》。Xv + 576页,插图。、地图。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社,2021。ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00(布)。ISBN-13 978-0300268171,纸质版25美元。和弗拉迪斯拉夫·m·祖博克一样,我清楚地记得自己听到苏联解体的消息时的即时反应。1991年8月的政变在我的记忆中留下了特别深刻的印记。当时我是一个有抱负的人,论文初稿即将完成,我的第一个想法是“他们”会强迫我重写大部分文本,或者写一篇关于苏联风格主题的新论文。但是,我对“他们”的思考与“我们”的概念是完全一致的,“我们”是20世纪80年代末和90年代初的乌克兰一代成员,他们是学生和年轻的专业人士,对他们来说,政治自由的概念已经与乌克兰文化作为反帝国主义身份标志的自觉选择融合在一起。我知道,这个想象中的共同体不会放弃,不会允许当局回到苏联后期的黯淡岁月。1990年10月,独立广场上的学生绝食抗议迫使乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国部长委员会主席维塔利·马索尔辞职,证明了这一点。1991年的不同记忆并不意味着一个特定的记忆是正确的,而另一个是错误的。相反,它们都强调了这样一个事实,即苏联的解体是由同时展开的多种社会和政治进程所产生的复杂事件,其结果因地区而异。当代俄罗斯人的视角可能与乌克兰人的视角不同,只有当这两种视角(以及更多视角)协调一致时,全貌才会浮现。正如1991年人们对苏联解体的看法不同一样,随后的解释也是如此——这取决于他们关注的焦点。从这个意义上说,祖博克对中央政府采取的行动(或缺乏行动)进行了深入研究,扣人眼球,与强调非俄罗斯共和国群众运动机构的研究(如罗纳德·g·苏尼的《过去的复仇》、马克·贝辛格的《民族主义动员与苏维埃国家的崩溃》和谢尔盖·普洛基的《最后的帝国》)相结合,读起来特别好。其中最重要的是祖博克对米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的角色以及他最初发起重大改革的动机的详细调查。诚然,苏联的宪法结构使各加盟共和国自然成为忠诚的默认焦点,如果中心被削弱,苏联的政策使种族主义成为反对的有力成语同样正确的是,许多共和国,特别是所谓的苏联西部的共和国,在两次世界大战期间经历了苏联以外的民族动员,并且,作为战后时期的苏联共和国,发展了一种重要的政治异议传统,这种政治异议在种族认同和民族权利方面得到了明确表达,即使这些活动在20世纪80年代初基本上受到压制然而,正是戈尔巴乔夫的一系列政治决定创造了一个话语空间,后来又为收回共和国主权创造了政治空间——即使他认为这些措施是不可避免的。我们可能会对他们有不同的看法,也许是由于对非正式的苏联后期“社会契约”的可行性越来越普遍的幻灭所迫使的,但这并没有降低他们的重要性。祖博克认为,戈尔巴乔夫改革的起源应该从他对列宁主义的承诺中寻找。他提供了一系列令人印象深刻的证据,从戈尔巴乔夫自己的声明到他最亲近的人的回忆录。在这一点上,很难不同意祖布克的观点,但我想提出一个修正案,旨在将这个术语放在苏联后期的知识背景中考虑。从理论上讲,除了把改革作为一种……
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引用次数: 0
Revolutionary Reform, Stillborn Revolution 革命改革,胎死腹中的革命
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910981
Michael David-Fox
Revolutionary Reform, Stillborn Revolution Michael David-Fox (bio) Vladislav M. Zubok, Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. xv + 576 pp., illus., maps. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00 (cloth). ISBN-13 978-0300268171, $25 (paper). Vladislav Zubok's Collapse sets a new standard for understanding and debating the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. The book takes the form of an unprecedentedly rich and detailed narrative of political decision making, with a focus on three major areas. The most sustained is domestic high politics, and the treatment is notable for its unprecedented depth on Mikhail Gorbachev and the rival Boris Yeltsin "team." The second, in keeping with Zubok's distinguished contributions to the history of Soviet foreign policy, is international diplomacy, with particular reference to the key factor of late Soviet interactions with the US superpower under US Secretary of State James Baker and President George H. W. Bush. The third is "the decisive and implacable role" (9) of economics and finance. This includes an account of the disastrous macroeconomic consequences of banking reform starting in 1987, which destabilized the unique Soviet system of beznal (cashless) accounting between the Soviet state and its enterprises. Fateful decisions and missteps in each of these areas by Gorbachev, the work's antihero, converged in what became the USSR's final death spiral. Zubok not only shows that the last Soviet leader was a true believer in his "socialist choice," something that has been emphasized before. He demonstrates that Gorbachev's reform program was seriously, even bizarrely, formulated under the influence of Vladimir Lenin—or, more accurately, Gorbachev's own reading of the Bolshevik revolutionary. Lenin's influence can be boiled down to Gorbachev's admiration for Lenin's world-historical risk taking, encapsulated in the political credo of on s'engage, et puis on voit. In his 1923 "On Revolution," Lenin translated Napoleon's aphorism as "first [End Page 839] engage in a serious battle and then see what happens."1 Zubok's unforgettable portrait of the last Soviet leader paints Gorbachev as a "bizarre political animal, who misunderstood power" (210). In the study's tripartite focus and its explanation of Gorbachev, the narrative deploys the extensive use of interviews and about 50 published memoirs and diaries. Among many others, it weaves in the critical, not infrequently incredulous voice of Gorbachev's top foreign policy aide Anatolii Cherniaev. Both the painstakingly detailed chronological narrative and personal sources on the highest levels of decision making in Moscow bring us deep into the choices and calculations that informed the crucial turning points in perestroika's several stages. In other words, the entire organization of the book serves to emphasize the contingency of a converging series of gambles, missteps, and misunderstandings for which Gorbachev was responsible. The introduct
革命改革,死产革命迈克尔·大卫-福克斯(传记)弗拉迪斯拉夫·m·祖博克,《崩溃:苏联的垮台》。Xv + 576页,插图。、地图。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社,2021。ISBN-13 978-0300257304, $35.00(布)。ISBN-13 978-0300268171,纸质版25美元。弗拉季斯拉夫·祖博克的《解体》为理解和辩论1991年苏联解体树立了新的标准。这本书以前所未有的丰富和详细的政治决策叙述的形式,重点关注三个主要领域。最持久的是国内高层政治,值得注意的是它对米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫和对手鲍里斯·叶利钦“团队”的前所未有的深度。第二,与祖博克对苏联外交政策历史的杰出贡献相一致的是,国际外交,特别是在美国国务卿詹姆斯·贝克和总统乔治·h·w·布什领导下的苏联与美国超级大国后期互动的关键因素。第三是经济和金融的“决定性和不可动摇的作用”(9)。这包括对1987年开始的银行改革的灾难性宏观经济后果的描述,这一改革破坏了苏联国家和企业之间独特的无现金会计制度的稳定。作为这部作品的反英雄人物,戈尔巴乔夫在这些领域做出的重大决定和失误,最终导致了苏联的死亡螺旋。祖博克不仅展示了这位前苏联领导人是他的“社会主义选择”的真正信徒,这一点之前已经被强调过。他证明戈尔巴乔夫的改革计划是在弗拉基米尔·列宁的影响下制定的,或者更准确地说,是戈尔巴乔夫自己对布尔什维克革命的解读。列宁的影响可以归结为戈尔巴乔夫对列宁的世界历史冒险精神的钦佩,这体现在“不参与,不投票”的政治信条中。在1923年出版的《论革命》(On Revolution)一书中,列宁将拿破仑的格言翻译为:“首先(End Page 839)投入一场严肃的战斗,然后看看会发生什么。”祖博克对最后一位苏联领导人的描绘令人难忘,他把戈尔巴乔夫描绘成一个“误解权力的奇怪的政治动物”(210页)。在研究的三方关注和对戈尔巴乔夫的解释中,叙述广泛使用了采访和大约50本已出版的回忆录和日记。其中,戈尔巴乔夫的高级外交政策助手阿纳托利·切尔尼亚耶夫(Anatolii Cherniaev)的批评性、常常是怀疑的声音交织在一起。本书煞费苦心地按时间顺序详细叙述了莫斯科最高层的决策过程,并提供了个人资料,使我们深入了解了在改革的几个阶段中决定关键转折点的选择和计算。换句话说,这本书的整个组织都是为了强调戈尔巴乔夫应该负责的一系列赌博、失误和误解的偶然性。序言部分是一部细致入微的叙事性历史,在安排解释性议程方面发挥了巨大的作用,它依次论述了现有文献在解释1991年事件时强调的主要因素,淡化了祖博克认为没有因果关系的决定性因素:首先,苏联意识形态的民众力量正在减弱;第二,“帝国”或非俄罗斯民族因素。在他们的位置上,祖博克提出了一种新的“伟人”历史理论的变体。在一次自我造成的打击中,戈尔巴乔夫把原本可以控制的弱点激进化,变成了一系列无法克服的灾难。由此推论出一个有争议的论点,即直到1990年苏联可能还被保存了下来。我故意使用了“激进化”这个词,因为在研究中,戈尔巴乔夫的议程,以及有时以国家解体告终的结果,被描绘成“革命性的”。总而言之,这本书的深度和奇妙的新材料都为偶然性提供了令人振奋的论据。但祖博克是否用如此生动、细腻的细节描绘了这些树木,以至于遮蔽了整个森林?结构与能动性之间的关系是现代人文科学的理论切入点。任何关于它的方法都将隐含在叙事性历史的作品中。它也具有内在的解释性——它永远不能简单地证明是对还是错。同时,很有可能……
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引用次数: 0
Lenin, the Anarchist? A Constructive Misinterpretation 列宁,无政府主义者?建设性的误解
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910979
William Whitham
Lenin, the Anarchist?A Constructive Misinterpretation William Whitham (bio) V. I. Lenin's "thunder-like speech" to Petrograd Bolsheviks on 3 April 1917 "startled and amazed not only me, a heretic who had accidentally dropped in, but all the true believers," remembered Nikolai Sukhanov. The idea of a government of soviets struck "every listener with any experience in political theory" as "a purely anarchist schema," as "a totality of local authority, like the absence of any state in general, like a schema of 'free' (independent) workers' communes." The "April Theses"—advocating a "commune state" and the abolition of the army, police, and bureaucracy—met "protests and exclamations of outrage" from Social Democrats.1 Iosif Gol´denberg declared Lenin an "anarchist" and "the heir of [Mikhail] Bakunin."2 "The pseudo-revolutionary tactics of Lenin are the natural offspring of the pseudo-revolutionary tactics of Bakunin," wrote Georgii Plekhanov in June 1917.3 In January 1918, Iulii Martov argued that Lenin "rehashed the old ideas of Bakunin." The following year, Pavel Aksel´rod called Bolshevism "a savage and pernicious throwback to Bakuninism." In 1924, Mensheviks may have placed a funeral wreath on Lenin's coffin that identified him as "the most outstanding Bakuninist among Marxists."4 "It is well known, I suppose," [End Page 791] mused Mark Aldanov in his 1919 Lenin biography, "that no worse insult could have been offered a Russian Social-Democrat than to call him an anarchist and compare him to Bakunin."5 Anarchists described Lenin similarly, but to praise him. Anatolii Gorelik commented favorably on Lenin's Political Parties in Russia (April 1917) and on State and Revolution (1918), "where he reveals and proves that the Bolsheviks are more anarchist than the anarchists themselves. Many other Bolsheviks expressed themselves the same way."6 Vsevolod "Voline" Eikhenbaum noted "the perfect parallelism between [Lenin's] ideas and those of the Anarchists, except the idea of the State and of Power." Bolshevik activists used "watchwords that, until then, were precisely characteristic of anarchism," including demands for peace, land, and workers' control.7 They initially adopted "certain fundamental principles and methods of Anarchist Communism"—including direct action, antiparliamentarism, soviet democracy, and expropriation—ventured a group of Moscow anarchists in June 1921.8 Grigorii Maksimov went farther. "Lenin, in demanding the abolition of the army, police and officialdom impressed the workers, peasants and soldiers with the idea that a Soviet Republic is an Anarchist Federation of many thousands of Communes-Soviets scattered throughout the vast expanses of Russia, and that this Republic is a full democracy, developed to its logical end—the extinction of the State." The Bolsheviks abandoned "orthodox Marxism" for "Anarchist slogans and methods," Maksimov argued, and "were indeed revolutionists and Anarchists of a sort."9 Upon Lenin's death, Apollon K
列宁,无政府主义者?列宁在1917年4月3日对彼得格勒布尔什维克的“雷鸣般的演讲”“不仅使我这个偶然来访的异教徒感到震惊,而且使所有真正的信徒都感到震惊,”尼古拉·苏汉诺夫回忆道。苏维埃政府的想法让“每一个有政治理论经验的听众”感到震惊,因为它是“一种纯粹的无政府主义模式”,是“地方当局的整体,就像没有任何国家一样,就像‘自由’(独立)工人公社的模式一样。”“四月提纲”——提倡“公社国家”和废除军队、警察和官僚——遭到了社会民主党人的“抗议和愤怒的感叹”。1约瑟夫·戈尔登堡宣称列宁是“无政府主义者”和“[米哈伊尔]巴枯宁的继承人”。“列宁的伪革命策略是巴枯宁伪革命策略的自然产物,”格奥尔基·普列汉诺夫在1917年6月写道。1918年1月,尤利·马尔托夫认为列宁“重复了巴枯宁的旧思想”。第二年,帕维尔·阿克塞尔罗德称布尔什维克主义是“对巴枯宁主义的野蛮而有害的倒退”。1924年,孟什维克党人可能在列宁的灵柩上敬献了花圈,称他为“马克思主义者中最杰出的巴库宁主义者”。“我想,大家都知道,”马克·阿尔达诺夫在1919年出版的列宁传记中沉思道,“对一个俄国社会民主党人来说,最严重的侮辱莫过于称他为无政府主义者,并将他与巴库宁相提并论。”无政府主义者对列宁也有类似的描述,不过是为了赞美他。阿纳托利·戈列利克对列宁的《俄国政党》(1917年4月)和《国家与革命》(1918年)发表了赞许的评论,“在这两本书中,他揭示并证明布尔什维克比无政府主义者本身更无政府主义。”许多其他布尔什维克也以同样的方式表达了自己的观点。6艾肯鲍姆(Vsevolod“Voline”Eikhenbaum)指出,“(列宁的)思想与无政府主义者的思想完全相似,除了国家和权力的观念。”布尔什维克激进分子使用的口号“在那之前,正是无政府主义的特征”,包括对和平、土地和工人控制的要求他们最初采用了“无政府共产主义的某些基本原则和方法”——包括直接行动、反议会主义、苏维埃民主和征收——1921年6月,一群莫斯科无政府主义者冒险行动。“列宁在要求废除军队、警察和官场时,给工人、农民和士兵留下了这样的印象:苏维埃共和国是由散布在俄罗斯广大地区的成千上万个公社苏维埃组成的无政府主义联邦,这个共和国是一个充分的民主国家,发展到合乎逻辑的终点——消灭国家。”马克西莫夫认为,布尔什维克放弃了“正统马克思主义”,转而采用了“无政府主义的口号和方法”,他们“确实是某种意义上的革命者和无政府主义者”。列宁死后,阿波罗·卡列林和全俄无政府共产主义联盟的其他书记们都称赞这位“伟大的革命者”。卡列林在1918年12月曾指出,布尔什维克“在某种意义上是在为无政府主义铺平道路”。如果说历史学家早就知道列宁和布尔什维克被短暂地视为无政府主义者,那么很少有人探讨这一点是如何或为什么重要的——如果确实如此的话。虽然1901 - 1916年间,在俄罗斯帝国的恐怖袭击中,估计有17000人伤亡,无政府主义者要对其中的大部分负责,但他们几乎没有一个连贯的运动,也没有多少意识形态上的显著性当然,列宁和布尔什维克高层们从不厌倦地说他们不是无政府主义者。无政府主义意味着小资产阶级的个人主义,“直接反对社会主义”,列宁在1905年11月写道。拉尔斯·t·李对列宁的令人振奋的重新诠释淡化了叛乱主义、苏维埃民主的愿景和《国家与革命》,这是一篇“与前一年的事件无关”的文章。卡尔·考茨基在1914年之前所提倡的策略——即俄国的工农联盟和与“资产阶级”政党不达成协议——“导致了(布尔什维克)在十月的胜利和随后的内战。”对Lih来说,已故的列宁是“一个俄罗斯血统的欧洲社会民主主义者”(许多欧洲社会民主主义者拒绝接受这一形象)。列宁提出了半无政府主义的口号‘粉碎国家!是“一种普遍的误解”和“歪曲”。为什么它很常见?它是如何产生影响的呢?
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引用次数: 0
Hiding in Plain Sight: Russia in World History 隐藏在显眼的地方:世界历史上的俄罗斯
3区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/kri.2023.a910988
Brigid O'Keeffe
Hiding in Plain SightRussia in World History Brigid O'Keeffe (bio) Eugene M. Avrutin, Racism in Modern Russia: From the Romanovs to Putin. 140 pp. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022. ISBN-13 978-1350097285. $17.95. Choi Chatterjee, Russia in World History: A Transnational Approach. 226 pp. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022. ISBN-13 978-1350026414. $29.95. V. I. Zhuravleva, Obshchee proshloe russkikh i amerikantsev: Kurs lektsii (The Common Past of Russians and Americans: A Lecture Course). 618 pp. Moscow: RGGU, 2021. ISBN-13 978-5728129790. How exceptional are imperial Russia and the Soviet Union when it comes to some of modern world history's defining phenomena, not least race and racism; empire, imperialism, and colonialism? Can the methodologies of transnational, transimperial, and comparative history help us to better appreciate the many and complex worlds that imperial Russian and Soviet histories inhabit and share with other polities? How and why might we—or, how and why must we—better integrate imperial Russian and Soviet history into world history? None of these questions are new in our field. Nor are the controversies that they have periodically inspired. Historians and anthropologists have long debated these very questions with a rightful sense of urgency. The stakes have never been small, and in our current moment the debates can feel weightier than ever. In the aftermath of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, some scholars are perhaps now arriving at these [End Page 921] concerns only belatedly, with contrition—and others, grudgingly, with hesitation and eyes lowered in wariness. Yet three fascinating books recently published by Choi Chatterjee, Eugene Avrutin, and Victoria Zhuravleva suggest that scholars of imperial Russian and Soviet history would do well to open their eyes more widely to what often has been hiding in plain sight. In particular, their books should prompt the field to pursue these questions about Russia's place in world history still more energetically and searchingly—in our writing and research, but also and especially in our teaching and public outreach. Each presents a plea not only for a better understanding of imperial Russia and the Soviet Union's place in world history but also for the historian's role in imagining possibilities for a more humane global future. Bridging Worlds Choi Chatterjee's new book seeks to show how the Russian and Soviet empires were not the outliers that many often assume them to have been. It is a stale yet persistent conceit in Slavic studies, she insists, that poses Russia as exceptional—exceptionally deficient, backward, illiberal, authoritarian, unique—and thereby both awkwardly situated outside the conventional paradigms of world history and ill suited for productive comparisons. Chatterjee demands a nuanced integration of Russia into world history. She hinges this demand to her book's fundamental comparison of the British, Russian, and Soviet empires. Me
《隐藏在世界历史中的俄罗斯》,布里吉德·奥基夫,尤金·m·阿夫鲁廷,《现代俄罗斯的种族主义:从罗曼诺夫王朝到普京王朝》,140页,纽约:布卢姆斯伯里学术出版社,2022年。ISBN-13 978 - 1350097285。17.95美元。崔·查特吉,《世界史中的俄罗斯:跨国视角》,226页,纽约:布鲁姆斯伯里学术出版社,2022年。ISBN-13 978 - 1350026414。29.95美元。V. i .朱拉夫列娃,《俄罗斯人和美国人的共同过去:讲座课程》。618页。莫斯科:RGGU, 2021。ISBN-13 978 - 5728129790。当谈到现代世界史上的一些决定性现象,尤其是种族和种族主义时,俄罗斯帝国和苏联是多么的与众不同;帝国主义、帝国主义和殖民主义?跨国历史、跨帝国历史和比较历史的方法论能帮助我们更好地理解俄罗斯帝国和苏联历史所处的复杂世界,并与其他政体共享这些世界吗?我们如何以及为什么可以——或者,我们如何以及为什么必须——更好地将俄罗斯帝国和苏联的历史融入世界历史?这些问题在我们的领域都不是新的。他们不时引发的争议也没有。历史学家和人类学家长期以来一直带着一种合理的紧迫感对这些问题进行辩论。利害关系从来都不小,在我们当前的时刻,辩论比以往任何时候都更加重要。在俄罗斯于2022年2月全面入侵乌克兰之后,一些学者现在可能只是姗姗来迟地悔悟了这些问题,而另一些学者则不情愿地犹豫着,低着警惕的目光。然而,由崔·查特吉、尤金·阿夫鲁丁和维多利亚·朱拉夫列娃最近出版的三本引人注目的书表明,研究俄罗斯帝国和苏联历史的学者们应该更广泛地睁开眼睛,看看那些经常隐藏在人们视线中的东西。特别是,他们的书应该促使这个领域更加积极地、更深入地探讨俄罗斯在世界历史上的地位问题——在我们的写作和研究中,尤其是在我们的教学和公共宣传中。每本书都提出了一个请求,不仅是为了更好地理解俄罗斯帝国和苏联在世界历史上的地位,也是为了历史学家在想象一个更人道的全球未来的可能性方面所扮演的角色。崔查特吉(Choi Chatterjee)的新书试图表明,俄罗斯和苏联帝国并不像许多人通常认为的那样是异类。她坚持认为,在斯拉夫研究中,这是一种陈腐而持久的自负,将俄罗斯塑造成一个例外——异常缺陷、落后、不自由、专制、独特——因此既尴尬地置身于世界历史的传统范式之外,也不适合进行富有成效的比较。查特吉要求将俄罗斯细致入微地融入世界历史。她将这一要求与她的书中对英国、俄罗斯和苏联帝国的基本比较联系在一起。在方法上,查特吉的帝国比较史混合了跨国的、知识分子的、传记的和自我民族志的独特方法。在意想不到的地方,放大被忽视的声音,她记录了跨越英国、俄罗斯和苏联帝国的思想、网络、人物、模式和经历。查特吉毫无歉意的目的是推动从事或不从事斯拉夫研究的历史学家架起他们自己的概念世界的桥梁,拓宽他们的框架。她要求我们既要扩大世界历史的概念,又要考虑谁的声音在复述世界史中起着重要作用。其结果是,这本书既不像标准的历史专著,也不像传统的由学者撰写的散文式大部头,而是针对经常被引用但很少达到的“普通读者”。在七个紧凑的章节中,查特吉带我们参观了英国殖民种植园和苏联集体农场;热带岛屿监狱和西伯利亚流放地;人民民主国家和英国托管领土读者参观共产国际不亚于参观剑桥和莫斯科的象牙塔。她的全景式肖像揭示了俄罗斯、苏联和大英帝国是如何创造出一个以不同方式、往往是同时迸发的世界,其中包括帝国民族主义、反民族主义、充满希望的国际主义、无政府主义、恐怖主义、反殖民主义抵抗、宗教民族主义、(非)大众异议、普遍人文主义、帝国怀旧和(后)殖民……
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KRITIKA-EXPLORATIONS IN RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN HISTORY
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