Landslide hazard zonation using Bivariate Frequency Ratio Method along National highway-1 from Baramulla-Uri Road stretch, North Kashmir Himalayas, India

The study focuses on the application of frequency ratio method (FRM) for the creation of landslide hazard map along the National Highway-1(NH-1) road between Baramulla and Uri in North Kashmir Himalaya, India. The landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) map was prepared by integrating all the landslide-inducing factors with frequency ratio values. A database of notable landslides in the study area was integrated with the hazard map for validation. The overall study showed that 22.28% of the study area falls under very high and high hazard zones. Finally, the output map was validated using the 40% landslide validation data. Moreover, ROC curve method was utilized to validate the model which showed the acceptable result of 0.803 AUC value for the landslide hazard map of the study area. Therefore, LHZ map produced by this study can be used to guide planners or engineers in identifying safe zones for carrying out development projects and for future risk assessment studies in the study region.