欧洲史普拉奇维森沙夫与意大利史学思想渊源中的美国人

IF 0.2 4区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Historiographia Linguistica Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI:10.1075/HL.00028.DOV
Francesca M. Dovetto
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引用次数: 1

摘要

这篇文章是献给威廉·德怀特·惠特尼(William Dwight Whitney, 1827-1897)的,尽管他的名字和作品在他的同时代人中有相当大的知名度,但在语言学史学中,他通常有一个不起眼的空间专门用于他。他的独创性和方法被概述,特别关注他在欧洲的接待,并在意大利的理论和经验语言学的研究设置。惠特尼是最早对施莱歇尔的语言概念提出质疑的人之一,他认为语言是一种自然事实,相反,它具有社会性质,是人类创造的一种“制度”;他是认识到符号及其价值和语言习得的相关性的先驱。在他的论证和方法中,他提出了一门历史语言学的科学,但与此同时,它对20世纪的语言学和语言概念是开放的,语言是一个由关系有序和交叉的复杂系统。他对梵语研究的独特方法,即强调其用法和变体的研究,以及他对现代语言的兴趣,使他成为一个特别有趣的学者,因为他和他的接受证明了在欧洲,特别是在意大利,一种研究语言学问题的新方法的兴起,不再仅仅是历史的比较,而是理论的和一般的。尽管如此,惠特尼应该在语言学史上占有重要地位,因为他也是这门学科最早的介绍性文本之一的作者,这本书于1875年出版;同年出版了法语译本,随后不久又出版了意大利语译本和德语译本(都是1876年)。几乎同时期翻译的数量给了我们一个空白的概念,像惠特尼这样的一般性和介绍性的工作填补了空白,并说明了有明确的需要。在包括最近几部作品在内的几部作品中,德莫罗指出了意大利语言学研究的具体特征:我们可以在惠特尼身上找到很多这些特征。尽管惠特尼的思想在一个“自然”倾向于美国语言学家处理的主题和方法的环境中做出了卓有成效的贡献,即“意大利语言学派”,直到现在还没有得到充分承认,但不可否认的是,他的思想为新的解释和新的模式提供了重要的刺激。
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An American at the origins of European Sprachwissenschaft and Italian historiographical thought
This contribution is dedicated to William Dwight Whitney (1827–1897), a scholar who generally has a modest space dedicated to him in the historiography of linguistics, despite his name and works having had considerable circulation among his contemporaries. His originality and method are outlined with particular attention being given to his reception in Europe and in the setting of Italian studies of theoretical and empirical linguistics. Whitney was among the first to contest Schleicher’s concept of language as a natural fact, claiming, instead, that it has social nature, as an ‘institution’ created by man; he was a forerunner in recognizing the relevance of signs and their value, and of language acquisition. In his demonstrations and in his methods he proposes a science of historical linguistics but at the same time it is open to 20th century linguistics and the concept of language as a complex system ordered and crossed by relationships. Both his unique approach to the study of Sanskrit, which emphasised the study of its use and its variants, and his interest for modern languages, makes him a particularly interesting scholar, as he and his reception testify the rise, in Europe and especially in Italy, of a new approach to linguistic issues, no longer exclusively historical-comparative, but also theoretical and general. Nonetheless, Whitney ought to occupy a prominent place in the history of linguistics, because he was also the author of one of the first introductory texts of the discipline, which was published in 1875; in that same year a French translation came out, which was soon followed by an Italian, and a German translation (both 1876).The number of almost contemporaneous translations gives an idea of the gap which a general and introductory work like Whitney’s filled and illustrates that there was a clear need for it. In several works, including recent ones, De Mauro identified the specific characteristics of Italian linguistic studies: we can find a good many of these traits in Whitney as well. Although the fruitful contribution of Whitney’s ideas in an environment which is ‘naturally’ inclined towards the themes and methods the American linguist dealt with, i.e., the ‘Italian linguistic school’, has not been fully recognised until now, it is undeniable that his ideas provided an important stimulus for new interpretations and new models.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
8
期刊介绍: Historiographia Linguistica (HL) serves the ever growing community of scholars interested in the history of the sciences concerned with language such as linguistics, philology, anthropology, sociology, pedagogy, psychology, neurology, and other disciplines. Central objectives of HL are the critical presentation of the origin and development of particular ideas, concepts, methods, schools of thought or trends, and the discussion of the methodological and philosophical foundations of a historiography of the language sciences, including its relationship with the history and philosophy of science. HL is published in 3 issues per year of about 450 pages altogether.
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