小额信贷让债务蒙羞

IF 1.2 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Emotions and Society Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI:10.1332/263168919x15653391247919
Susan Engel, D. Pedersen
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引用次数: 6

摘要

Karim(2008:xvii)在一项关于孟加拉国小额信贷的优秀人类学研究中认为,小额信贷是一种“羞耻的经济”。也就是说,小额信贷并不是主流发展组织所宣称的金融包容性和赋权的良性工具。相反,它无意中(也许)但仍然积极地使用羞辱手段,以最大限度地提高贷款偿还率。然而,卡里姆并没有对羞耻感进行明确的分析;相反,她强调了它对孟加拉国农村妇女的约束力量。我们的文章建立在这一见解的基础上,但对羞耻感应用了一种特定的心理社会方法,批判性地研究了一些情绪的有害做法和结果,尤其是在小额信贷实践中。它强调,小额信贷使人们的债务关系个性化和社会化,使其成为群体关注的问题,但与此同时,货币债务的非个人化性质导致了强制性和纪律处分,否则将被视为不可容忍。我们展示了对小额信贷参与者的积极羞辱往往会演变成包括暴力在内的侵犯人权行为。债务的羞耻感和促进小额信贷高还款率的积极羞辱损害了那些感到羞耻的人及其家人的心理健康,并可能与包括自残和自杀在内的一系列令人担忧的结果有关。最后,我们探讨了对小额金融的羞辱和羞辱是否与其在其他发展方案领域的日益使用有关。
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Microfinance as poverty-shame debt
In an excellent anthropological study of microfinance in Bangladesh, Karim (2008: xviii) argues that it operates as ‘an economy of shame’. That is to say, microfinance is not the benign tool for financial inclusion and empowerment that mainstream development organisations proclaim. Rather, it unintentionally (perhaps) but nevertheless actively deploys shaming techniques in order to maximise loan repayment rates. Karim, however, does not employ an explicit analysis of shame; instead she emphasises its disciplining power for rural women in Bangladesh. Our article builds on this insight but applies a specific psychosocial approach to shame that critically examines a number of the emotion’s harmful practices and outcomes, especially when deployed within microfinance practice. It highlights that microfinance personalises and socialises people’s debt relations, making them a matter for group concern, but that at the same time money-debt’s impersonalising nature results in coercive and disciplinary actions that would otherwise be seen as intolerable. We demonstrate how the active shaming of microfinance participants all too often degenerates into human rights abuses, including violence. The shame of debt and the active shaming that facilitates microfinance’s high repayment rates harms the psychosocial wellbeing of those being shamed as well as their families, and can be linked to a range of concerning outcomes including self-harm and suicide. To conclude, we explore whether the coercion by shame and shaming of microfinance may be linked to its growing use in other areas of development programming.
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自引率
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