Diversity, Belonging, and Violence in the Russian and Soviet Empires

1 Andreas Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich: Entstehung—Geschichte—Zerfall, 2nd ed. (Munich: Beck, 2008); the first edition in German was published in 1992. See also Ronald Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); and Yuri Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). On the debate over the relationship between nation and empire, see Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).