Correcting nonstationary sea surface temperature bias in NCEP CFSv2 using Ensemble-based Neural Networks

Sea surface temperature (SST) forecast products from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) that are widely used in climate research and prediction have nonstationary bias. In this study, we develop single (ANN1) and three hidden layers (ANN3) neural networks and examine their ability to correct the SST bias in the NCEP CFSv2 extended seasonal forecast starting from July in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere. Our results show that the ensemble-based ANN1 and ANN3 can reduce the uncertainty associated with parameters assigned initially and dependence on random sampling. Overall, ANN1 reduces RMSE of the CFSv2 forecasted SST substantially by 0.35°C (0.34°C) for the testing (training) data and ANN3 further reduces RMSE relatively by 0.49°C (0.47°C). Both the ensemble-based ANN1 and ANN3 can significantly reduce the spatial and temporal varying bias of the CFSv2 forecasted SST in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and ANN3 shows better agreement with the observation than that of ANN1 in some subregions.