帕尔瓦纳斯的力量:18世纪印度南部的印度-波斯补助金和帝国的建立

IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Law and History Review Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI:10.1017/S073824802200044X
Leonard R. Hodges, N. Chatterjee
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文考察了继南亚莫卧儿帝国之后的政权向欧洲贸易公司发出的波斯语订单——帕尔瓦纳。特别关注18世纪中期海得拉巴尼扎姆之间的交流;阿科特的纳瓦布;和法国的印度公司,我们看到莫卧儿风格的帕尔瓦纳(parwanas),或称次帝国命令,以前用于下达指令或发放或收回赠款,如何转变为一种政治货币形式。它们现在被用来在南亚国家建设者和军事化的欧洲公司之间交换军事和财政资源,并在一个假定的莫卧儿帝国内确保所有人的政治合法性。此外,莫卧儿王朝主权的法律虚构导致了补助金竞赛,这样的竞争对手——欧洲和南亚——寻求越来越多的帕尔瓦纳,同时也质疑颁发它们的当局的合法性。莫卧儿帝国的脆弱和18世纪南亚政局的不稳定,催生了大量的波斯法律文件,并将其重新设计为新的用途。欧洲帝国的缔造者们在谈判这一法律景观时,只具备部分的文化素养,因此,他们对波斯法律文件的物质方面和仪式上的附带条件盲目崇拜,并赋予它们超越其直接内容的权力。
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The Power of Parwanas: Indo-Persian Grants and the Making of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Southern India
This article examines Persian-language orders—parwanas—issued by regimes that succeeded the Mughal Empire in South Asia, to European trading companies. Focussing in particular on the mid-eighteenth-century exchanges between the Nizam of Hyderabad; the Nawab of Arcot; and the French Compagnie des Indes, we see how Mughal-style parwanas, or sub-imperial orders, previously used to give instructions or to make or withdraw grants, were transformed into a form of political currency. They were now used to exchange military and fiscal resources between South Asian state-builders and militarised European corporations, and to secure political legitimacy for all within a putative Mughal imperium. Moreover, the legal fiction of Mughal sovereignty led to a grants race, such that rivals—European and South Asian—sought more and more parwanas, while also querying the legitimacy of authorities that issued them. The very fragility of the Mughal empire and the lability of the political landscape in eighteenth-century South Asia was thus generative of prolific Persian legal documentation, as well as its rewiring to novel uses. European empire-builders negotiated this legal landscape with only partial literacy, consequently fetishizing the material aspects and ceremonial accompaniments of Persian legal documents, and according them power beyond their immediate substance.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.10
自引率
12.50%
发文量
42
期刊介绍: Law and History Review (LHR), America"s leading legal history journal, encompasses American, European, and ancient legal history issues. The journal"s purpose is to further research in the fields of the social history of law and the history of legal ideas and institutions. LHR features articles, essays, commentaries by international authorities, and reviews of important books on legal history. American Society for Legal History
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