Management of acute invasive fungal sinusitis

Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) is an uncommon and usually life-threatening clinical condition. Mortality in AIFS is very high. The colonization of the fungi at the sinonasal tract does not indicate the infection. The status of the immune condition of the patient plays an integral part in different manifestations of AIFS. AISF is an aggressive type of fungal infection and often leads to a fatal situation, particularly in patients who are immunocompromised. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy, as well as a computed tomography scan, is warranted in these patients. Magnetic resonance imaging improves diagnostic accuracy and assesses the spread of the disease into orbit and the brain. Histopathological and microbiological examinations confirm the diagnosis. To save lives, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Therefore, clinicians need to have a high level of suspicion for this illness. Management of AIFS requires a multidisciplinary approach with significant predictors of survival being surgical debridement and antifungal treatment. Patients require urgent hospitalizations with intravenous antifungal therapy and surgical debridement. As soon as AIFS is identified, antifungal medication should begin. Higher survival rates are achieved with complete endoscopic resection of the disease than with incomplete resection. Liposomal amphotericin B has a more favorable outcome and fewer side effects than amphotericin B. The mainstays of AIFS management continue to be early surgical debridement and antifungal treatment. This review article discusses the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and current treatment options of AIFS.