越境污染

IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science Pub Date : 2019-11-26 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0290
H. Varkkey
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引用次数: 4

摘要

跨界污染问题已成为政治家、经济学家和自然科学家日益关注的重要问题。跨界污染在法律上被定义为源自一个国家,但可能通过水或空气等途径跨越国界,对另一个国家的环境造成损害的污染。跨界污染问题包括诸如酸雨造成的土壤和湖泊酸化、跨界空气污染(称为烟雾、雾霾或烟雾)以及上游活动造成的下游河流或海洋污染等问题。构成现代国际体系基石的传统威斯特伐利亚方法基于地缘政治单位的概念,其边界表明了国家管辖权的界限。然而,跨界污染问题的一个显著特征是,污染并不局限于政治边界之内。因此,这种环境的流动性对该系统内的环境治理提出了挑战。本文对跨境污染作为一个国际关系问题的文献进行了书目综述。本综述仅限于主要通过定性视角分析跨界污染问题的作品,主要使用来自国际法、国际关系和公共政策学科的作品。在对一些一般著作和基于问题的期刊进行简要讨论之后,第一个实质性部分侧重于讨论跨界污染问题的单一国家监管挑战的文献。由于这些困难,监管权力逐渐从国家层面转向更国际化的治理层面。这是第二部分的重点,该部分汇编了关注国际法在国际一级对跨界污染的管制和治理方面的发展的著作。本节大致分为两部分,首先讨论着眼于习惯国际法发展的文献,其次继续探讨通过国际环境协定、公约和条约采取的更正式的手段。本参考书目的第三部分也是最后一部分汇编了根据环境途径安排的跨界污染治理的案例研究:空气和水。虽然这些案例研究并不详尽,但它们是文献中覆盖最广泛的,涵盖了北美、欧洲、亚洲等地区,以及较小程度上的东北亚和拉丁美洲。本研究得到了新加坡社会科学研究理事会(SSRC)“东南亚跨界环境公地可持续治理”基金的部分支持,基金编号MOE2016-SSRTG-068。
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Transboundary Pollution
Transboundary pollution problems have become increasingly important issues on the agenda of politicians, economists, and natural scientists. Transboundary pollution is defined legally as pollution that originates in one country but can cause damage in another country’s environment, by crossing borders through pathways like water or air. The problems of transboundary pollution include issues like the acidification of soils and lakes through acid rain, transboundary air pollution (known variably as smog, haze, or smoke), and downstream river or ocean pollution due to upstream activities. The traditional Westphalian approach that forms the cornerstone of the modern international system is based on the notion of geopolitical units, with borders indicating the limits of state jurisdiction. However, a distinctive characteristic of transboundary pollution problems is that pollution does not remain within political boundaries. Thus, this fluid nature of the environment has posed a challenge for environmental governance within this system. This article provides a bibliographic review of the literature on transboundary pollution as an international relations problem. This review is limited to works analyzing the problem of transboundary pollution through a mainly qualitative lens, mainly using works coming from international law, international relations, and public policy disciplines. After a brief discussion of some general works and issue-based journals, the first substantive section focuses on literature discussing the challenges of single-state regulation of transboundary pollution issues. Due to these difficulties, regulatory authority has gradually shifted from national to more international levels of governance. This is the focus of the second section, which compiles works that focus on developments in international law toward the regulation and governance of transboundary pollution at the international level. This section is broadly divided in two, firstly discussing literature looking at developments in customary international law, and secondly proceeding to look at more formal means through international environmental agreements (IEAs), conventions, and treaties. The third and final section of this bibliography compiles case studies on transboundary pollution governance arranged according to environmental pathways: air and water. While these case studies are not exhaustive, they are those that are most widely covered in the literature, covering regions like North America, Europe, Asia, and to a lesser extent Northeast Asia and Latin America. This work was partially supported by the Singapore Social Science Research Council (SSRC) grant on Sustainable Governance of Transboundary Environmental Commons in Southeast Asia, grant code MOE2016-SSRTG-068.
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来源期刊
Political Science
Political Science POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: Political Science publishes high quality original scholarly works in the broad field of political science. Submission of articles with a regional focus on New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific is particularly encouraged, but content is not limited to this focus. Contributions are invited from across the political science discipline, including from the fields of international relations, comparative politics, political theory and public administration. Proposals for collections of articles on a common theme or debate to be published as special issues are welcome, as well as individual submissions.
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