A case of diffuse endobronchial metastasis of rectum carcinoma presenting with symptoms of diffuse airway obstruction and respiratory failure

Endobronchial metastases of extra pulmonary tumors are rare. This report presents a case with diffuse endobronchial metastases with rectum carcinoma. A 63-year-old non-smoker female was admitted to our outpatient clinic with dyspnea and dry cough for two months. She had a history of rectum carcinoma and resection surgery eight months ago. On physical examination, wheezing was remarkable. There was patchy consolidation in both lung fields on chest x-ray. PET-CT revealed widespread nodules in pulmonary parenchyma which were consistent with rectal cancer metastasis. Bronchoscopy was performed and revealed extensive mucosal infiltration and multiple various sizes of polypoid lesions in the distal trachea and both main lobar bronchus. The histopathological evaluation reported as metastasis of rectum carcinoma. The oncological medical treatment regimen and radiotherapy was also planned. She admitted to emergency department with chest pain and progressive dyspnea 2 months after the diagnosis. Thorax CT demonstrated that increased metastatic peribronchial infiltrates, septal thickening and endobronchial polypoid lesions which was consisted with lymphangitic carsinomatosis and endobronchial metastasis. There was hypercapnic respiratory failure according to arterial blood gases analysis. She was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and died in ICU on 7th day of admission. This case indicates that the possibility of endobronchial metastasis should be considered in a patient with underlying malignancy. If available bronchoscopic intervention should be planned not to let misdiagnosis.