俄罗斯阿尔泰北楚亚冰川中心老西伯利亚松森林的生态和生态特征

E. Timoshok, E. N. Timoshok, I. I. Gureyeva
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摘要

本文首次研究了位于俄罗斯阿尔泰北部楚亚冰川中心阿克特鲁山-冰川盆地的西伯利亚松-西伯利亚松(Pinus sibirica Du Tour)原生林的生态和地理特征。这些森林可以被定义为原始森林,因为它们在其存在期间从未受到人类直接造成的干扰。这使它们成为阿尔泰未受干扰森林的宝贵模式。构成这些森林乔木层基础的西伯利亚杉木初级代树龄约为400年;有些树的树龄可达600年以上。其中维管植物种类有104种,具有明显的区系多样性。在阿克特鲁山-冰川盆地,西伯利亚杉木原生林有8个变异,其下层组成和结构以及维管植物、苔藓和地衣的多样性存在显著差异。本文对位于阿克特鲁河流域北部、西部和东部山坡的西伯利亚红木原生林进行了最重要生态因子的植物指示。尽管这些森林分布在不同类型的土壤上(北坡为粗腐殖质冰原,东坡为典型的豆荚土,西坡为骨状粗石质弱豆荚土),但所有生境的水分条件范围都很窄——4个等级(67.1 ~ 70.0)表示湿润森林生境系列和活跃土壤丰富度,2个等级(7.0 ~ 8.1)表示中营养生境系列。这样的环境条件在所有被研究的生境中都是最适宜的。研究人员指出,研究的古老西伯利亚森林对气候和环境研究具有重要的科学意义,而且由于它们的稀有性、未受干扰的状态和树木的显著年龄,需要对它们进行保护。
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Ecological and cenotic features of the old-growth Pinus sibirica forests in the North-Chuya glaciation center, Russian Altai
Ecological and cenotic features of the old-growth forests of Siberian pine – Pinus sibirica Du Tour situated in the mountain-glacial basin Aktru in the North-Chuya glaciation center of the Russian Altai at the altitudes of 2160–2300 m a.s.l. were examined for the first time. These forests can be defined as virgin ones since they have never been subjected by direct human-caused disturbances throughout their existence. This makes them a valuable pattern of the undisturbed forests of the Altai. The age of the primary generation of P. sibirica forming the base of the tree layer of these forests is about 400 years; the age of some trees reaches 600 years and more. A significant floristic diversity (104 species of vascular plants) was detected in these forests. In the Aktru mountain-glacial basin, old-growth forests of P. sibirica exist in eight variants, significantly differing in the composition and structure of subordinate layers and the diversity of vascular plants, mosses, and ground lichens. We have carried out the phytoindication of the most important ecological factors at the old-growth P. sibirica forests situated on the northern, western, and eastern slopes of the valley of the Aktru River. Despite the fact, these forests are found on different types of soils (coarse-humus gleyed cryozems in the northern slope, typical soddy-podburs on the eastern one, and skeletal coarse-stony weak podburs in the western slope), all habitats are characterized by narrow ranges of moisture conditions – four grades (67.1 to 70.0) indicated series of humid-forest habitats and active soil richness – two grades (7.0 to 8.1) indicated series of mesotrophic habitats. Such environmental conditions are optimal for P. sibirica in all studied habitats. Both the great scientific significance of the examined old-growth P. sibirica forests for climatic and environmental studies and the need for their conservation, due to their rarity, undisturbed state, and significant age of the trees, are noted.
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