Biclausal vs. monoclausal focus constructions in Tilapa Otomi

This paper tackles issues that involve distinguishing clefts from other monoclausal focus constructions when describing the syntax of lesser-known languages. I concentrate on Tilapa Otomi, which is, morphologically speaking, the most conservative language of the Otomi family from Mexico (Oto-Pamean; Oto-Manguean). I propose that Tilapa Otomi has (at least) two specialized focus constructions: one that is a biclausal, and which I analyze as a cleft construction, and another that is monoclausal, and it is thus not a cleft but which could be superficially mistaken to be a cleft with a zero copula. I use various syntactic tests to distinguish both constructions, which mainly involve word order and negation.