种族灭绝(i)在第二次世界大战中——根据《灭绝种族罪公约》(结果、定义、处理)

Q4 Arts and Humanities Historijski pogledi Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI:10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.239
Meldijana Arnaut Haseljić
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引用次数: 0

摘要

20世纪以种族灭绝开始并结束。同时,这也是发生大规模武装冲突的世纪,包括第一次和第二次世界大战。除其他外,第二次世界大战的特点是对纳粹计划灭绝的民族进行种族灭绝。首先,不可避免地要提到针对人数最多的受害者——犹太人的种族灭绝(大屠杀)。大屠杀造成数百万人受害。犹太人被大规模屠杀,但在第二次世界大战中,约有100万其他国家的成员也被杀害。纳粹在德国建立的集中营,以及在被占领的国家,对犹太人和其他目标群体进行了系统的灭绝。在整个欧洲被占领土上开设了数百个集中营。计划灭绝的目标群体被收集起来,用火车运送,通常是用运输和牲畜车运送,并被带到营地,在那里,一定数量的人立即被杀害,而另一些人被暂时留下来强迫劳动。被强迫劳动的人往往死于疲劳,而那些在酷刑中幸存下来的人最终被杀害。除了关闭和清理难民营外,在其他地方也进行了个别和大规模的处决。大量被杀的人表明需要迅速复原,这导致在火堆上焚烧尸体或将其埋在乱葬坑中。犯下的种族灭绝鼓励了联合国的成立,但也导致了《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》,简称《灭绝种族罪公约》的通过,该公约被认为是“不再发生”的保证。以死刑的形式对最臭名昭著的战犯所犯下的可怕罪行进行制裁,他们被认定对这些罪行负有责任,这应该是实现"不再发生"的另一个障碍。然而,我们时代的参与者证明事实并非如此。种族灭绝项目死灰复燃,种族灭绝已经实现,如20世纪末在波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那共和国犯下的种族灭绝。在对最臭名昭著的纳粹分子的审判中,被称为纽伦堡审判,最严厉的死刑判决,以及终身监禁和长期监禁。纽伦堡进程的特殊性在于,除了宣布个人责任原则外,它还代表了对所犯侵略行为的谴责,而且也是一项政治项目,其表现为谴责被宣布对所犯罪行负责的各种组织。在1945年10月18日开始的主要国际军事审判中,24名被告因个人责任被起诉,但也起诉了6个战争犯罪组织——由阿道夫·希特勒领导的德国国家社会主义工人党(NSDAP)的领导层——他是第二次世界大战和执行大屠杀的最大罪犯),党卫军(Schutzstaffel——纳粹党军事分支),纳粹突击队(Sturmabteilung)、纳粹情报局(Sicherheitsdienst)、盖世太保(Geheime Staats Polizei)和德国国防军最高统帅部(OKW)。在第二次世界大战中取得胜利的国家的国内法院也进行了某些起诉。
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Genocid(i) u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Ka konvenciji o genocidu (ishodišta, definiranje, procesuiranja)
The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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Historijski pogledi
Historijski pogledi Arts and Humanities-History
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20 weeks
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