美国政治中的新自由主义

IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0284
M. Hindman, Andrew B. Noland
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在20世纪的最后几十年里,财富和政治影响力的不平等加剧,许多学者认为这是一个“新镀金时代”。学者们指出了造成这些不平等的多种原因,包括全球化、有组织劳工力量的下降、企业政治活动、公共部门的萎缩以及有利于富人的税收改革,这只是其中的一些原因。然而,这些不同的不平等驱动因素并不是孤立出现的;一种可理解的统治精神是这些不同现象的基础。这种精神的特点是提倡私营部门解决集体问题,而不是-à-vis政府主导的集体问题;尊重市场,而不是-à-vis协调的集体行动;关注几乎生活所有方面的企业家精神和消费主义。当代政治生活的这些特征都凝聚成一个被称为“新自由主义”的概念。这取决于你问的是谁,这个词要么有助于为21世纪治理面临的各种政治问题提供一个逻辑,要么又成为另一个老生常谈的流行词。本文采用了前一种观点,将新自由主义视为一个有用的概念,它结合了美国政治学者应该熟悉的一系列现象。本文根据新自由主义的三个相互关联的定义来描述和分类新自由主义的学术研究。新自由主义是:(1)为回应战后凯恩斯主义而出现的一种历史和思想轨迹;(2)旨在营造有利于商业的社会和政治环境的政治项目;(3)努力改变公民身份本身。本文以这三个特征为基础,概述了探索和解释新自由主义原则如何影响美国政治、政策和公民生活的主要著作。关于新自由主义的学术研究非常广泛。本文引用的大多数作品都明确指出了新自由主义对美国生活的影响。然而,一些作品揭示了新自由主义的一个关键方面,而没有明确接受甚至提到这个术语本身。然而,总的来说,这些作品将让读者更好地理解什么是新自由主义,以及与之相关的趋势和原则是如何在美国政治和社会中扎根的。
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Neoliberalism in US Politics
In the waning decades of the 20th century, inequalities of wealth and political influence intensified amid what many scholars recognize as a “New Gilded Age.” Scholars point to manifold reasons for these inequalities, including globalization, the declining strength of organized labor, corporate political activity, a shrinking public sector, and tax reforms favoring the wealthy, to cite only a few. These various drivers of inequality, though, did not arise in isolation; an intelligible governing ethos underlies these various phenomena. This ethos is marked by its promotion of private-sector solutions to collective problems vis-à-vis government-led ones, its deference to markets vis-à-vis coordinated collective action, and its focus on entrepreneurialism and consumerism in nearly all facets of life. These features of contemporary political life all cohere into a concept recognized as “neoliberalism.” Depending on whom you ask, this term either helpfully assigns a logic to the amalgam of political problems confronting governance in the 21st century or, alternatively, serves as yet another hackneyed buzzword du jour. This article takes the former perspective, casting neoliberalism as a useful concept uniting a ranging of phenomena of which scholars of US politics ought to be familiar. This article describes and categorizes scholarship on neoliberalism according to three interrelated definitions of the term. Neoliberalism is: (1) a historical and intellectual trajectory that emerged in response to postwar Keynesianism; (2) a political project designed to foster a business-friendly social and political climate; and (3) an endeavor to transform citizenship itself. This article builds on these three characterizations, outlining the major works that explore and explain how neoliberal principles have impacted US politics, policy, and civic life. Scholarship on neoliberalism is vast and wide-ranging. Most of the works cited throughout this article explicitly note the influence of neoliberalism on one aspect or another of American life. Some works, however, uncover a critical aspect of neoliberalism without explicitly accepting or even mentioning the term itself. Collectively, however, these works will give readers a stronger grasp on what neoliberalism is and how the trends and principles associated with it have taken root within US politics and society.
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来源期刊
Political Science
Political Science POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
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期刊介绍: Political Science publishes high quality original scholarly works in the broad field of political science. Submission of articles with a regional focus on New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific is particularly encouraged, but content is not limited to this focus. Contributions are invited from across the political science discipline, including from the fields of international relations, comparative politics, political theory and public administration. Proposals for collections of articles on a common theme or debate to be published as special issues are welcome, as well as individual submissions.
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