热管理对电动汽车锂离子电池容量衰减的影响

Andrew Carnovale, Xianguo Li
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摘要

电动汽车作为缓解气候变化的主要战略,广泛使用锂离子电池作为动力源。然而,锂离子电池的运行、性能和寿命取决于电池温度,由于电池内产生的热量,电池温度可能有很宽的范围,而由于电动汽车运行的季节和地理位置的变化,环境条件可能会发生显著变化。在本研究中,通过验证的锂离子电池容量衰减模型以及电池中热量产生和电池表面耗散的热模型,评估了锂离子电池的容量衰减的热管理方法/策略,用各种热管理方法表示。驾驶条件通过恒定和各种标准驾驶循环进行模拟。研究表明,电池温度对容量衰减有主要影响,可以通过有效的热管理来控制电池温度。与较高的温度(35°C和50°C)相比,在较低的初始电池温度(20°C)下,使用各种热管理方法会出现更显著的电池容量衰减扩散,因此,在接近20°C的电池温度下,热管理在减少容量衰减方面更有效,这被认为是锂离子电池的最佳操作温度。此外,结果表明,使用较低的充电电压可以导致在循环中容量衰减略小。再生制动使使用较低的充电电压更为现实,因为电池可以在运行过程中充电,从而增加行驶里程,同时防止增加的容量衰减。对于现实的激烈和激进驾驶行为,有效的热管理更为必要。
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Numerical assessment of thermal management on the capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles
Electric vehicles, as a major strategy for climate change mitigation, uses lithium-ion batteries extensively as the power source. However, the operation, performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries depend on the battery temperature, which can have a wide range due to heat generation within the battery and significant variations in the ambient conditions due to changes in seasons and geographical locations where electric vehicles are operated. In the present study, thermal management methods/strategies on the capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries are assessed through a validated capacity fade model for lithium-ion batteries along with a thermal model for the heat generation in the battery and dissipation over battery surface, represented by various thermal management methods. The driving conditions are simulated through a constant and various standard drive cycles. It is shown that battery temperature has the predominant impact on the capacity fade, and it can be controlled through effective thermal management. A much more significant spread in battery capacity fade occurs with various thermal management methods for a lower initial battery temperature (20°C) compared to the higher temperatures (35°C and 50°C), hence, thermal management is much more effective in reducing capacity fade at battery temperatures close to 20°C, which is considered the optimum operating temperature for lithium-ion batteries. Further, the results indicate that using a lower charge voltage can result in slightly less capacity fade over cycling. Regenerative braking makes it more realistic to use lower charge voltages, since the battery can be recharged during operation, thereby increasing driving range, while preventing increased capacity fade. Effective thermal management is more imperative for realistic intense and aggressive driving behaviors.
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