水稻生产中减少水和氮的投入必然会降低产量吗?

IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY International Agrophysics Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI:10.31545/intagr/146934
Chuanhai Shu, Feijie Li, Q. Tang, Yuemei Zhu, Jinyue Zhang, Yongjian Sun, Na Li, Jun Ma, Zhiyuan Yang
{"title":"水稻生产中减少水和氮的投入必然会降低产量吗?","authors":"Chuanhai Shu, Feijie Li, Q. Tang, Yuemei Zhu, Jinyue Zhang, Yongjian Sun, Na Li, Jun Ma, Zhiyuan Yang","doi":"10.31545/intagr/146934","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Rice is an essential staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population (Xiong et al., 2013). China is the leading rice producer worldwide, and rice plays an important role in China’s grain production. Moreover, over 65% of China’s population consumes rice as their staple food (Zhang et al., 2005). Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient in crop growth and plays a decisive role in ensuring a high and stable crop yield (Erisman et al., 2008). Currently, the average N application rate for rice in China is 180 kg ha (Peng et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2021). However, the N application rate reaches 350 kg ha in the high-yield Taihu Lake area (Jiao et al., 2018). The past two decades have witnessed increased N fertilizer use, promoting essential rice yield growth in China. Unfortunately, the excessive N input has also caused water eutrophication, soil acidification, reduced rice production efficiency, and other adverse effects (Xia et al., 2016; Townsend et al., 2003). Minimizing N application while avoiding yield reduction is thus a research hot spot in China. Taking into account the disadvantages of predominantly applying base fertilizer and low-efficiency tiller fertilizer in traditional rice production (Ling et al., 2014), most agricultural scientists and technological workers promote the split application of N fertilizer based on leaf age (Ling et al., 1983), site-specific N management based on soil testing (Roland et al., 2019; Ling et al., 2005), real-time N management based on the © 2022 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences CHUANHAI SHU et al. 48 relationship between leaf colour and N content (Mohanty et al., 2021), and computer-assisted model optimization to guide fertilization policy (Baral et al., 2021; Sharma S., 2019; Pan et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2002; Angus et al., 1996). These systems have greatly contributed to reduced N use and increased rice yield. Existing studies have shown that improvements in N application methods have more potential than the optimization of the N application rate to further increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (Yang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2015). Increasing the number of N applications in paddy fields from 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 times can notably enhance NUE and achieve the goal of reducing N without affecting the yield. Nevertheless, increasing the frequency of N application can also add to operational costs and induce high water supply requirements, this has limited the promotion of low-intensity/high-frequency N application (Yang et al., 2020; Ohnishi et al., 1999). Rice requires more water than any other cereal grain, it accounts for approximately 60-70% of agricultural water use (Pan et al., 2017) and 50% of domestic water consumption. With increasing demands for industrial water and water for both urban and rural residents, the proportion of water allocated to rice production decreases each year. Therefore, researchers have also conducted many water-saving irrigation studies (Tabbal et al., 2002; Belder et al., 2004), including the application of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and controlled irrigation (CI) technologies. AWD is a water management technique that employs periodic drying and rehydration to reduce water consumption during the rice-growing season (Wang et al., 2016). Most studies propose that AWD can be used to enhance rice yield (Christy et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2017; Carrijo et al., 2018); however, a reduced yield has also been reported. These inconsistent findings may be related to soil water potential, quality, and pH (Carrijo et al., 2017). Compared with AWD, CI involves the application of more rigid water management techniques (Peng, 2009; Yu et al., 2002). After the rice seedlings have been transplanted, the field surface retains a thin 5-25 mm layer of water to allow the rice seedlings to recover from transplantation stress. However, there is no water layer on the field surface during the stages of growth after recovery. The effectiveness of irrigation is determined by taking the soil moisture of the root layer as the control index. The lower limit of soil moisture at different rice growth stages is 60-80% of the saturated moisture content of the soil, while the upper limit is at the point of soil saturation. This technique, which can be used to promote the migration of N from surface water to soil and increase the water and nutrient uptake of rice plants (Peng et al., 2009), is popular in areas prone to water shortages such as Ningxia, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang (Peng et al., 2011). Due to its huge water requirements, rice has a more significant water-fertilizer coupling effect than that of other crops, which necessitates human regulation. Hence, research concerning water-fertilizer coupling in paddy fields has attracted much academic attention (Liu, 2019; Lin et al., 2016). With the large-scale construction of highstandard farmlands and the rapidly increasing availability of low-cost water and fertilizer integration facilities, lowintensity/high-frequency N application in paddy fields has overcome its previous limitations. The three “uniform” technique is an integrated water and fertilizer technology developed to meet the water and N requirements of rice in paddy fields, with “uniform nitrogen application (UN)” and “uniform water with fertilizer application” at its core (Yang et al., 2020). This technology allows for greatly reduced N and water use in rice production, but few studies have focused on the mechanism of action underlying these savings. In order to fill this gap, UN was studied (low-intensity/ high-frequency N application) which employed integrated water and fertilizer technology to explore the impact of water and N management on rice yield and the utilization of water and N. This study aimed to provide theoretical and technical support for high-yield practices and the efficient utilization of resources in rice production. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental sites were located at the experimental farm of the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University (Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province; 30°43’N, 103°47’E) and also at the experimental farm of the Southwest University of Science and Technology (Fucheng District, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province; 31°32’N, 104°41’E). The Wenjiang site was located in the Chengdu Plain, a subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, with abundant precipitation, less sunshine, and relatively minor diurnal temperature differences. The Fucheng site was located west of the Sichuan Basin, in the north subtropical humid monsoon mountain climate zone, with uneven precipitation distribution, sufficient sunshine, and large temperature differences occurring between day and night. In addition, drought frequently occurs during the rice season of this region. In 2016, field experiments were conducted at both sites (experiments 1 and 2). A third field experiment (experiment 3) was performed at the Wenjiang site in 2017. The nutrient content of the soil at the two experimental sites is listed in Table 1. The Wenjiang site had fine sandy loam soil, whereas the Fucheng site had clay loam soil. Indica hybrid rice F-you 498 was used as the testing material. This variety is a three-line super hybrid Indica rice planted in a large area in Sichuan in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. REDUCED WATER AND NITROGEN INPUT IN RICE PRODUCTION NOT REDUCE YIELD 49 All three experimental designs were identical: a randomized block experiment involving two factors. The primary block was water management, which was divided into flooding irrigation (FI) and controlled irrigation (CI). In FI, after the rice was transplanted, a 1-3 cm water layer was always maintained above the surface of the paddy fields and dried naturally a week before harvesting. In CI, transplantation was conducted in shallow water (~1 cm), a 2 cm water layer was maintained in the fields for 5-7 days after transplanting to ensure that the seedlings turned green and survived. Subsequently, the surface water was drained and soil moisture of 70-80% was maintained before the booting stage. The fields were dried during the ineffective tillering stage, a 1-3 cm water layer was maintained above the soil surface during the booting stage, and alternate wetting and drying irrigation was implemented from heading to maturity (i.e., irrigated with 1-3 cm layer of water and dried naturally to achieve a soil water potential of -25 kPa). The secondary block was N management, which was divided into CK, farmers’ usual nitrogen management (FU), optimized nitrogen treatment (ONT), and uniform nitrogen application (UN). In FU, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer = 7:3, one day before and seven days after transplanting. In ONT, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer = 3:3:4, one day before and seven days after transplanting, and at the reciprocal fourth and second leaf stages (the panicle fertilizer was divided into two equal portions). In UN, 15, 15, 30, 15, 15, 15, and 15 kg (total 120 kg ha) of N fertilizer were applied at 7, 14, 35, 49, 56, 70, and 77 days after transplanting. There were 24 blocks in total, and each treatment was repeated three times. The plot area was 12 m (3 × 4 m), and the seedlings were transplanted at a hill spacing of 33.3 × 16.7 cm. There were 216 seedlings (12 rows and 18 seedlings per row) in each plot, and the planting density was 18 plants m. The extent of the irrigation was measured using a water meter, and all other field management practices were identical. Light interception (LI): During the heading stage and 10, 20, and 30 days after the heading stage, the effective solar radiation at the top (30 cm above the flag leaf tip) and base (10 cm from the ground) of the plant were measured using an Li-191 lig","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"2","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Do reduced water and nitrogen input in rice production necessarily reduce yield?\",\"authors\":\"Chuanhai Shu, Feijie Li, Q. Tang, Yuemei Zhu, Jinyue Zhang, Yongjian Sun, Na Li, Jun Ma, Zhiyuan Yang\",\"doi\":\"10.31545/intagr/146934\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Rice is an essential staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population (Xiong et al., 2013). China is the leading rice producer worldwide, and rice plays an important role in China’s grain production. Moreover, over 65% of China’s population consumes rice as their staple food (Zhang et al., 2005). Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient in crop growth and plays a decisive role in ensuring a high and stable crop yield (Erisman et al., 2008). Currently, the average N application rate for rice in China is 180 kg ha (Peng et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2021). However, the N application rate reaches 350 kg ha in the high-yield Taihu Lake area (Jiao et al., 2018). The past two decades have witnessed increased N fertilizer use, promoting essential rice yield growth in China. Unfortunately, the excessive N input has also caused water eutrophication, soil acidification, reduced rice production efficiency, and other adverse effects (Xia et al., 2016; Townsend et al., 2003). Minimizing N application while avoiding yield reduction is thus a research hot spot in China. Taking into account the disadvantages of predominantly applying base fertilizer and low-efficiency tiller fertilizer in traditional rice production (Ling et al., 2014), most agricultural scientists and technological workers promote the split application of N fertilizer based on leaf age (Ling et al., 1983), site-specific N management based on soil testing (Roland et al., 2019; Ling et al., 2005), real-time N management based on the © 2022 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences CHUANHAI SHU et al. 48 relationship between leaf colour and N content (Mohanty et al., 2021), and computer-assisted model optimization to guide fertilization policy (Baral et al., 2021; Sharma S., 2019; Pan et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2002; Angus et al., 1996). These systems have greatly contributed to reduced N use and increased rice yield. Existing studies have shown that improvements in N application methods have more potential than the optimization of the N application rate to further increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (Yang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2015). Increasing the number of N applications in paddy fields from 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 times can notably enhance NUE and achieve the goal of reducing N without affecting the yield. Nevertheless, increasing the frequency of N application can also add to operational costs and induce high water supply requirements, this has limited the promotion of low-intensity/high-frequency N application (Yang et al., 2020; Ohnishi et al., 1999). Rice requires more water than any other cereal grain, it accounts for approximately 60-70% of agricultural water use (Pan et al., 2017) and 50% of domestic water consumption. With increasing demands for industrial water and water for both urban and rural residents, the proportion of water allocated to rice production decreases each year. Therefore, researchers have also conducted many water-saving irrigation studies (Tabbal et al., 2002; Belder et al., 2004), including the application of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and controlled irrigation (CI) technologies. AWD is a water management technique that employs periodic drying and rehydration to reduce water consumption during the rice-growing season (Wang et al., 2016). Most studies propose that AWD can be used to enhance rice yield (Christy et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2017; Carrijo et al., 2018); however, a reduced yield has also been reported. These inconsistent findings may be related to soil water potential, quality, and pH (Carrijo et al., 2017). Compared with AWD, CI involves the application of more rigid water management techniques (Peng, 2009; Yu et al., 2002). After the rice seedlings have been transplanted, the field surface retains a thin 5-25 mm layer of water to allow the rice seedlings to recover from transplantation stress. However, there is no water layer on the field surface during the stages of growth after recovery. The effectiveness of irrigation is determined by taking the soil moisture of the root layer as the control index. The lower limit of soil moisture at different rice growth stages is 60-80% of the saturated moisture content of the soil, while the upper limit is at the point of soil saturation. This technique, which can be used to promote the migration of N from surface water to soil and increase the water and nutrient uptake of rice plants (Peng et al., 2009), is popular in areas prone to water shortages such as Ningxia, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang (Peng et al., 2011). Due to its huge water requirements, rice has a more significant water-fertilizer coupling effect than that of other crops, which necessitates human regulation. Hence, research concerning water-fertilizer coupling in paddy fields has attracted much academic attention (Liu, 2019; Lin et al., 2016). With the large-scale construction of highstandard farmlands and the rapidly increasing availability of low-cost water and fertilizer integration facilities, lowintensity/high-frequency N application in paddy fields has overcome its previous limitations. The three “uniform” technique is an integrated water and fertilizer technology developed to meet the water and N requirements of rice in paddy fields, with “uniform nitrogen application (UN)” and “uniform water with fertilizer application” at its core (Yang et al., 2020). This technology allows for greatly reduced N and water use in rice production, but few studies have focused on the mechanism of action underlying these savings. In order to fill this gap, UN was studied (low-intensity/ high-frequency N application) which employed integrated water and fertilizer technology to explore the impact of water and N management on rice yield and the utilization of water and N. This study aimed to provide theoretical and technical support for high-yield practices and the efficient utilization of resources in rice production. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental sites were located at the experimental farm of the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University (Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province; 30°43’N, 103°47’E) and also at the experimental farm of the Southwest University of Science and Technology (Fucheng District, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province; 31°32’N, 104°41’E). The Wenjiang site was located in the Chengdu Plain, a subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, with abundant precipitation, less sunshine, and relatively minor diurnal temperature differences. The Fucheng site was located west of the Sichuan Basin, in the north subtropical humid monsoon mountain climate zone, with uneven precipitation distribution, sufficient sunshine, and large temperature differences occurring between day and night. In addition, drought frequently occurs during the rice season of this region. In 2016, field experiments were conducted at both sites (experiments 1 and 2). A third field experiment (experiment 3) was performed at the Wenjiang site in 2017. The nutrient content of the soil at the two experimental sites is listed in Table 1. The Wenjiang site had fine sandy loam soil, whereas the Fucheng site had clay loam soil. Indica hybrid rice F-you 498 was used as the testing material. This variety is a three-line super hybrid Indica rice planted in a large area in Sichuan in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. REDUCED WATER AND NITROGEN INPUT IN RICE PRODUCTION NOT REDUCE YIELD 49 All three experimental designs were identical: a randomized block experiment involving two factors. The primary block was water management, which was divided into flooding irrigation (FI) and controlled irrigation (CI). In FI, after the rice was transplanted, a 1-3 cm water layer was always maintained above the surface of the paddy fields and dried naturally a week before harvesting. In CI, transplantation was conducted in shallow water (~1 cm), a 2 cm water layer was maintained in the fields for 5-7 days after transplanting to ensure that the seedlings turned green and survived. Subsequently, the surface water was drained and soil moisture of 70-80% was maintained before the booting stage. The fields were dried during the ineffective tillering stage, a 1-3 cm water layer was maintained above the soil surface during the booting stage, and alternate wetting and drying irrigation was implemented from heading to maturity (i.e., irrigated with 1-3 cm layer of water and dried naturally to achieve a soil water potential of -25 kPa). The secondary block was N management, which was divided into CK, farmers’ usual nitrogen management (FU), optimized nitrogen treatment (ONT), and uniform nitrogen application (UN). In FU, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer = 7:3, one day before and seven days after transplanting. In ONT, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer = 3:3:4, one day before and seven days after transplanting, and at the reciprocal fourth and second leaf stages (the panicle fertilizer was divided into two equal portions). In UN, 15, 15, 30, 15, 15, 15, and 15 kg (total 120 kg ha) of N fertilizer were applied at 7, 14, 35, 49, 56, 70, and 77 days after transplanting. There were 24 blocks in total, and each treatment was repeated three times. The plot area was 12 m (3 × 4 m), and the seedlings were transplanted at a hill spacing of 33.3 × 16.7 cm. There were 216 seedlings (12 rows and 18 seedlings per row) in each plot, and the planting density was 18 plants m. The extent of the irrigation was measured using a water meter, and all other field management practices were identical. Light interception (LI): During the heading stage and 10, 20, and 30 days after the heading stage, the effective solar radiation at the top (30 cm above the flag leaf tip) and base (10 cm from the ground) of the plant were measured using an Li-191 lig\",\"PeriodicalId\":13959,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Agrophysics\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2022-03-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"2\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Agrophysics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/146934\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRONOMY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Agrophysics","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/146934","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AGRONOMY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2

摘要

水稻是世界上一半以上人口必不可少的主要粮食作物(Xiong et al., 2013)。中国是世界领先的水稻生产国,水稻在中国粮食生产中占有重要地位。此外,超过65%的中国人口以大米为主食(Zhang et al., 2005)。氮(N)是作物生长必需的营养物质,对保证作物高产稳产起着决定性作用(Erisman et al., 2008)。目前,中国水稻平均施氮量为180 kg ha (Peng et al., 2010;Zhang et al., 2013;傅等人,2021)。而在高产太湖地区,施氮量可达350 kg ha (Jiao et al., 2018)。在过去的二十年里,氮肥使用量的增加促进了中国水稻基本产量的增长。不幸的是,过量的N输入也造成了水体富营养化、土壤酸化、水稻生产效率降低等不利影响(Xia et al., 2016;Townsend et al., 2003)。因此,尽量减少施氮量,避免减产是中国的研究热点。考虑到传统水稻生产中主要施用基肥和低效分蘖肥的缺点(Ling et al., 2014),大多数农业科技工作者提倡根据叶龄分施氮肥(Ling et al., 1983),根据土壤试验进行定点施氮管理(Roland et al., 2019;Ling等,2005),基于©2022波兰科学院农业物理研究所的实时N管理。48叶片颜色与N含量的关系(Mohanty等,2021),以及指导施肥政策的计算机辅助模型优化(Baral等,2021;夏国强,2019;Pan et al., 2017;Peng et al., 2002;Angus et al., 1996)。这些系统大大减少了氮肥的使用,提高了水稻产量。已有研究表明,改进施氮方式比优化施氮量更有潜力进一步提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率(Yang et al., 2020;陈等人,2015)。将稻田施氮次数由3次增加到4次、6次增加到7次,可显著提高氮肥利用效率,达到不影响产量的降氮目标。然而,增加施氮频率也会增加运营成本并导致高供水需求,这限制了低强度/高频施氮的推广(Yang et al., 2020;Ohnishi et al., 1999)。水稻比任何其他谷物都需要更多的水,它约占农业用水量的60-70% (Pan et al., 2017)和生活用水量的50%。随着工业用水和城乡居民用水需求的增加,分配给水稻生产的用水比例逐年下降。因此,研究者也进行了许多节水灌溉研究(Tabbal et al., 2002;Belder et al., 2004),包括干湿交替灌溉(AWD)和控制灌溉(CI)技术的应用。AWD是一种水管理技术,通过定期干燥和补水来减少水稻生长季节的用水量(Wang et al., 2016)。大多数研究表明,AWD可用于提高水稻产量(Christy et al., 2018;Pan et al., 2017;Carrijo et al., 2018);然而,也有报道称产量有所下降。这些不一致的发现可能与土壤水势、质量和pH值有关(Carrijo et al., 2017)。与AWD相比,CI涉及到更严格的水管理技术的应用(Peng, 2009;Yu et al., 2002)。水稻幼苗移栽后,田面保留一层5-25毫米的薄水层,使水稻幼苗从移栽胁迫中恢复过来。然而,在恢复后的生长阶段,现场表面没有水层。以根层土壤水分为控制指标,确定灌溉效果。水稻各生育期土壤水分下限为土壤饱和含水量的60-80%,上限为土壤饱和点。该技术可促进氮素从地表水向土壤的迁移,增加水稻植株对水分和养分的吸收(Peng et al., 2009),在宁夏、江苏和黑龙江等缺水地区很受欢迎(Peng et al., 2011)。由于水稻需水量巨大,其水肥耦合效应比其他作物更为显著,需要人为调节。因此,水田水肥耦合研究受到了学术界的广泛关注(Liu, 2019;Lin et al., 2016)。 随着高标准农田的大规模建设和低成本水肥一体化设施的迅速增加,水田低强度/高频施氮已经克服了以往的局限性。三“均”技术是以“均匀施氮(UN)”和“均匀水肥”为核心,为满足稻田水稻对水氮的需求而开发的水肥一体化技术(Yang et al., 2020)。这项技术可以大大减少水稻生产中的氮和水的使用,但很少有研究关注这些节约的作用机制。为填补这一空白,本研究采用水肥一体化技术,对UN(低强度/高频施氮)进行研究,探讨水氮管理对水稻产量及水氮利用的影响,旨在为水稻高产实践和资源高效利用提供理论和技术支持。材料与方法实验地点位于四川省成都市温江区四川农业大学水稻研究所实验农场;30°43'N, 103°47'E)和西南科技大学实验农场(四川省绵阳市富城区;31°32’,104°41)。温江站点位于成都平原,属于亚热带湿润季风气候区,降水充沛,日照较少,日温差较小。阜城站点位于四川盆地西部,北亚热带湿润季风山地气候带,降水分布不均匀,日照充足,昼夜温差大。此外,干旱经常发生在该地区的水稻季节。2016年在两个站点(试验1和2)进行了野外试验。2017年在温江站点进行了第三次野外试验(试验3)。两个试验点土壤养分含量列于表1。温江遗址为细砂壤土,阜城遗址为粘壤土。以杂交籼稻f优498为试验材料。该品种是长江中下游四川大面积种植的三系超级杂交籼稻。水稻生产中减少水氮投入不会降低产量49所有三个试验设计都是相同的:一个包含两个因素的随机区域试验。主要的部分是水管理,分为漫灌(FI)和控制灌溉(CI)。在水稻移栽后,始终在稻田表面保持1-3厘米的水层,并在收获前一周自然干燥。CI法在浅水(~1 cm)处进行移栽,移栽后在田间保持2 cm水层5-7天,确保幼苗变绿成活。随后抽干地表水,在孕穗期前保持70-80%的土壤水分。在无效分蘖期进行干燥处理,孕穗期土壤表面保持1 ~ 3cm水层,抽穗至成熟期实行干湿交替灌溉(即1 ~ 3cm水层灌溉,自然干燥,使土壤水势达到- 25kpa)。第二阶段为氮素管理,分为CK、农户常规氮素管理(FU)、优化氮素处理(ONT)和均匀施氮(UN)。FU在移栽前1天、移栽后7天,按基肥:分蘖肥= 7:3的比例施氮150 kg ha。ONT按基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥= 3:3:4的比例,在移栽前1天和移栽后7天,分别在第4和第2叶期(穗肥分成两等份)施用氮肥150 kg ha。在联合国,分别于移栽后7、14、35、49、56、70和77天施氮15、15、30、15、15和15 kg(总120 kg ha)。共24组,每组重复3次。样地面积为12 m (3 × 4 m),插秧间距为33.3 × 16.7 cm。每畦216株(12行,每行18株),种植密度为18株m。灌溉范围采用水表测量,其他田间管理方法相同。 光截留(LI):在抽穗期和抽穗期后10、20和30 d,用LI -191灯测定植株顶部(旗叶尖以上30 cm)和基部(距地面10 cm)的有效太阳辐射
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Do reduced water and nitrogen input in rice production necessarily reduce yield?
Rice is an essential staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population (Xiong et al., 2013). China is the leading rice producer worldwide, and rice plays an important role in China’s grain production. Moreover, over 65% of China’s population consumes rice as their staple food (Zhang et al., 2005). Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient in crop growth and plays a decisive role in ensuring a high and stable crop yield (Erisman et al., 2008). Currently, the average N application rate for rice in China is 180 kg ha (Peng et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2021). However, the N application rate reaches 350 kg ha in the high-yield Taihu Lake area (Jiao et al., 2018). The past two decades have witnessed increased N fertilizer use, promoting essential rice yield growth in China. Unfortunately, the excessive N input has also caused water eutrophication, soil acidification, reduced rice production efficiency, and other adverse effects (Xia et al., 2016; Townsend et al., 2003). Minimizing N application while avoiding yield reduction is thus a research hot spot in China. Taking into account the disadvantages of predominantly applying base fertilizer and low-efficiency tiller fertilizer in traditional rice production (Ling et al., 2014), most agricultural scientists and technological workers promote the split application of N fertilizer based on leaf age (Ling et al., 1983), site-specific N management based on soil testing (Roland et al., 2019; Ling et al., 2005), real-time N management based on the © 2022 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences CHUANHAI SHU et al. 48 relationship between leaf colour and N content (Mohanty et al., 2021), and computer-assisted model optimization to guide fertilization policy (Baral et al., 2021; Sharma S., 2019; Pan et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2002; Angus et al., 1996). These systems have greatly contributed to reduced N use and increased rice yield. Existing studies have shown that improvements in N application methods have more potential than the optimization of the N application rate to further increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (Yang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2015). Increasing the number of N applications in paddy fields from 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 times can notably enhance NUE and achieve the goal of reducing N without affecting the yield. Nevertheless, increasing the frequency of N application can also add to operational costs and induce high water supply requirements, this has limited the promotion of low-intensity/high-frequency N application (Yang et al., 2020; Ohnishi et al., 1999). Rice requires more water than any other cereal grain, it accounts for approximately 60-70% of agricultural water use (Pan et al., 2017) and 50% of domestic water consumption. With increasing demands for industrial water and water for both urban and rural residents, the proportion of water allocated to rice production decreases each year. Therefore, researchers have also conducted many water-saving irrigation studies (Tabbal et al., 2002; Belder et al., 2004), including the application of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and controlled irrigation (CI) technologies. AWD is a water management technique that employs periodic drying and rehydration to reduce water consumption during the rice-growing season (Wang et al., 2016). Most studies propose that AWD can be used to enhance rice yield (Christy et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2017; Carrijo et al., 2018); however, a reduced yield has also been reported. These inconsistent findings may be related to soil water potential, quality, and pH (Carrijo et al., 2017). Compared with AWD, CI involves the application of more rigid water management techniques (Peng, 2009; Yu et al., 2002). After the rice seedlings have been transplanted, the field surface retains a thin 5-25 mm layer of water to allow the rice seedlings to recover from transplantation stress. However, there is no water layer on the field surface during the stages of growth after recovery. The effectiveness of irrigation is determined by taking the soil moisture of the root layer as the control index. The lower limit of soil moisture at different rice growth stages is 60-80% of the saturated moisture content of the soil, while the upper limit is at the point of soil saturation. This technique, which can be used to promote the migration of N from surface water to soil and increase the water and nutrient uptake of rice plants (Peng et al., 2009), is popular in areas prone to water shortages such as Ningxia, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang (Peng et al., 2011). Due to its huge water requirements, rice has a more significant water-fertilizer coupling effect than that of other crops, which necessitates human regulation. Hence, research concerning water-fertilizer coupling in paddy fields has attracted much academic attention (Liu, 2019; Lin et al., 2016). With the large-scale construction of highstandard farmlands and the rapidly increasing availability of low-cost water and fertilizer integration facilities, lowintensity/high-frequency N application in paddy fields has overcome its previous limitations. The three “uniform” technique is an integrated water and fertilizer technology developed to meet the water and N requirements of rice in paddy fields, with “uniform nitrogen application (UN)” and “uniform water with fertilizer application” at its core (Yang et al., 2020). This technology allows for greatly reduced N and water use in rice production, but few studies have focused on the mechanism of action underlying these savings. In order to fill this gap, UN was studied (low-intensity/ high-frequency N application) which employed integrated water and fertilizer technology to explore the impact of water and N management on rice yield and the utilization of water and N. This study aimed to provide theoretical and technical support for high-yield practices and the efficient utilization of resources in rice production. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental sites were located at the experimental farm of the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University (Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province; 30°43’N, 103°47’E) and also at the experimental farm of the Southwest University of Science and Technology (Fucheng District, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province; 31°32’N, 104°41’E). The Wenjiang site was located in the Chengdu Plain, a subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, with abundant precipitation, less sunshine, and relatively minor diurnal temperature differences. The Fucheng site was located west of the Sichuan Basin, in the north subtropical humid monsoon mountain climate zone, with uneven precipitation distribution, sufficient sunshine, and large temperature differences occurring between day and night. In addition, drought frequently occurs during the rice season of this region. In 2016, field experiments were conducted at both sites (experiments 1 and 2). A third field experiment (experiment 3) was performed at the Wenjiang site in 2017. The nutrient content of the soil at the two experimental sites is listed in Table 1. The Wenjiang site had fine sandy loam soil, whereas the Fucheng site had clay loam soil. Indica hybrid rice F-you 498 was used as the testing material. This variety is a three-line super hybrid Indica rice planted in a large area in Sichuan in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. REDUCED WATER AND NITROGEN INPUT IN RICE PRODUCTION NOT REDUCE YIELD 49 All three experimental designs were identical: a randomized block experiment involving two factors. The primary block was water management, which was divided into flooding irrigation (FI) and controlled irrigation (CI). In FI, after the rice was transplanted, a 1-3 cm water layer was always maintained above the surface of the paddy fields and dried naturally a week before harvesting. In CI, transplantation was conducted in shallow water (~1 cm), a 2 cm water layer was maintained in the fields for 5-7 days after transplanting to ensure that the seedlings turned green and survived. Subsequently, the surface water was drained and soil moisture of 70-80% was maintained before the booting stage. The fields were dried during the ineffective tillering stage, a 1-3 cm water layer was maintained above the soil surface during the booting stage, and alternate wetting and drying irrigation was implemented from heading to maturity (i.e., irrigated with 1-3 cm layer of water and dried naturally to achieve a soil water potential of -25 kPa). The secondary block was N management, which was divided into CK, farmers’ usual nitrogen management (FU), optimized nitrogen treatment (ONT), and uniform nitrogen application (UN). In FU, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer = 7:3, one day before and seven days after transplanting. In ONT, 150 kg ha of N fertilizer was applied according to the ratio of base fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer = 3:3:4, one day before and seven days after transplanting, and at the reciprocal fourth and second leaf stages (the panicle fertilizer was divided into two equal portions). In UN, 15, 15, 30, 15, 15, 15, and 15 kg (total 120 kg ha) of N fertilizer were applied at 7, 14, 35, 49, 56, 70, and 77 days after transplanting. There were 24 blocks in total, and each treatment was repeated three times. The plot area was 12 m (3 × 4 m), and the seedlings were transplanted at a hill spacing of 33.3 × 16.7 cm. There were 216 seedlings (12 rows and 18 seedlings per row) in each plot, and the planting density was 18 plants m. The extent of the irrigation was measured using a water meter, and all other field management practices were identical. Light interception (LI): During the heading stage and 10, 20, and 30 days after the heading stage, the effective solar radiation at the top (30 cm above the flag leaf tip) and base (10 cm from the ground) of the plant were measured using an Li-191 lig
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来源期刊
International Agrophysics
International Agrophysics 农林科学-农艺学
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
9.10%
发文量
27
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal is focused on the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The journal publishes original research and review papers on any subject regarding soil, plant and atmosphere and the interface in between. Manuscripts on postharvest processing and quality of crops are also welcomed. Particularly the journal is focused on the following areas: implications of agricultural land use, soil management and climate change on production of biomass and renewable energy, soil structure, cycling of carbon, water, heat and nutrients, biota, greenhouse gases and environment, soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and ways of its regulation to increase efficiency of water, energy and chemicals in agriculture, postharvest management and processing of agricultural and horticultural products in relation to food quality and safety, mathematical modeling of physical processes affecting environment quality, plant production and postharvest processing, advances in sensors and communication devices to measure and collect information about physical conditions in agricultural and natural environments. Papers accepted in the International Agrophysics should reveal substantial novelty and include thoughtful physical, biological and chemical interpretation and accurate description of the methods used. All manuscripts are initially checked on topic suitability and linguistic quality.
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