Effects of a changing climate and anthropogenic impacts on net primary production in Yinshanbeilu, Inner Mongolia, China

Inappropriate long-term reclamation has reduced ecological services, including carbon sequestration, in Inner Mongolia's interlocking agricultural and pastoral lands near the northern foot of Yinshanbeilu, making this one of China's most environmentally fragile areas. Regional ecosystem changes and sustainable development depend on the understanding of how climate change and anthropogenic activities affect the net primary production (NPP) of vegetation. (1) Fluctuations in vegetation NPP tended to increase at a ratio of 2.974 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The vegetation NPP increased in 99.49% of the research area; 77.97% of this production was significant. (2) Precipitation and temperature restricted vegetation growth, and the impact of atmospheric precipitation on vegetation NPP exceeded that of both the spatial and temporal dimensions. Precipitation affected grassland NPP more than arable NPP. However, the direct and indirect effects of temperature were greater on arable NPP than on grassland NPP. (3) Changes in climate and anthropogenic activities changed the vegetation NPP by 46.23% and 53.77%, respectively, with the values showing significant spatial variability. Climate change dominated vegetation changes in sparsely populated and underdeveloped areas, whereas human activity was dominant in populated and economically developed areas. (4) Vegetation NPP loss in Yinsanbeilu occurred mostly when the land was changed from grassland to other land use types, whereas growth occurred mostly when the land was changed from arable land to grassland. These results improve the understanding of how climate change and anthropogenic activities affect vegetation dynamics and provide a foundation for vegetation restoration and quality enhancement.