Key factors controlling deep Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in the east slope of Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Considering the complex factors controlling volcanic reservoirs, the Carboniferous strata in the eastern slope area of the Mahu Sag (ESMS) in the northwestern Junggar Basin (NJB) were investigated using rock cores, thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM), physical properties, major elements, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), well logging, and seismic data. The volcanic rocks revealed by drilling are mostly weathering crust reservoirs (WCRs), the formation of which in and around the study area is significantly controlled by weathering and leaching (WL). Most types of volcanic rock can be improved by long-term weathering. Favorable reservoirs in the ESMS are often developed within 150 m below the tectonic unconformity boundary at the top of the Carboniferous. The longer the weathering duration, the better are the overall quality of the WCRs. Weathering duration of about 40 Ma is probably an important threshold in the NJB. Ultra-long leaching of atmospheric water and strong late dissolution of acidic fluids before oil and gas accumulations are important for reservoir development and petroleum accumulation in volcanic strata filled with authigenic minerals, especially calcite. The early regional tectonic movement affected the volcanic eruption and controlled the lithofacies distribution. The linear density of fractures was negatively correlated with the distance from the main controlling fault. Owing to the relatively weak filling, high-angle fractures contribute significantly to the reservoir permeability. The physical properties of volcanic breccia are better than those of tuff, and the porosity, permeability, and fracture density of andesite are higher than those of basalt. The physical properties of near-source facies belts of a volcanic edifice are better than those of far-source facies ones. Favorable exploration areas are the structural highs and fault zones where the duration of WL is more than 40 Ma, explosive facies and effusive facies near the crater are developed, or the inherited ancient buried hills transformed by faults and fractures near excellent source rocks, where the dissolution of atmospheric water and organic acidic fluids are strong.