Classical and Non-Classical Neural Communications

This review was constructed to show how the connectome has evolved in motor command systems from simple command elements to complex systems of neurons utilizing parallel distributed processing and the possibility of quantum entanglement between groups of neurons. Scientific and medical interest in neural pathways and their connections have driven neuroscience and brain research for many decades so that specific systems and their feedback loops have been considered in detail. We review motor command systems in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems, using PubMed and more generalized searches. We contemplate the attractiveness of the command neuron concept and why it has been largely superseded by parallel distributed processing (PDP) in both vertebrate and invertebrate models. Action potentials, synaptic connectivity and communication within the nervous system are extremely important to understanding basic neurological and physiological functions. However, newer concepts suggest computation within nervous systems may resemble quantum phase computation and that computational action potentials are also quantal. We suggest that a rational form of computation that can operate according to the physiological constraints of neurons and their connectivity is essential in further evaluating neuronal interactions. We also consider recent studies that indicate that quantum entanglement may occur in the human brain. Thus some brain functions may be non-classical, most likely the phenomena of consciousness and self-awareness. The significance of this review is that future studies on motor command should not just consider the connectome but should also consider computational systems within nervous systems and the likelihood of quantum entanglement between groups of neurons not currently indicated by the connectome.